Sir chandrasekhara venkata raman biography books
C. V. Raman
Indian physicist (1888–1970)
In that Indian name, the name Chandrasekhara is a patronymic, and integrity person should be referred in a jiffy by the given name, Venkata Raman, or just Raman.
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (;[1] 7 Nov 1888 – 21 November 1970), known purely as C.
V. Raman,[2] was an Indian physicist known back his work in the greatly of light scattering.[3] Using far-out spectrograph that he developed, earth and his student K. Unrelenting. Krishnan discovered that when sort traverses a transparent material, grandeur deflected light changes its proffer.
This phenomenon, a hitherto strange type of scattering of shine, which they called modified scattering was subsequently termed the Raman effect or Raman scattering. Fall 1930, Raman received the Philanthropist Prize in Physics for that discovery and was the labour Asian and the first non-White to receive a Nobel Accolade in any branch of science.[4]
Born to Tamil Brahmin parents, Raman was a precocious child, finishing his secondary and higher subordinate education from St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School at the be in charge of of 11 and 13, severally.
He topped the bachelor's level examination of the University run through Madras with honours in physics from Presidency College at instantaneous 16. His first research newspaper, on diffraction of light, was published in 1906 while oversight was still a graduate pupil. The next year he plagiaristic a master's degree. He connubial the Indian Finance Service hit down Calcutta as Assistant Accountant Habitual at age 19.
There crystal-clear became acquainted with the Asiatic Association for the Cultivation a mixture of Science (IACS), the first proof institute in India, which legitimate him to carry out sovereign research and where he effortless his major contributions in acoustics and optics.
In 1917, crystal-clear was appointed the first Palit Professor of Physics by Ashutosh Mukherjee at the Rajabazar Body of knowledge College under the University call upon Calcutta.
On his first statement to Europe, seeing the Sea Sea motivated him to remember the prevailing explanation for illustriousness blue colour of the neptune's at the time, namely significance reflected Rayleigh-scattered light from blue blood the gentry sky, as being incorrect. Purify founded the Indian Journal lay out Physics in 1926. He stricken to Bangalore in 1933 delude become the first Indian manager of the Indian Institute clasp Science.
He founded the Asiatic Academy of Sciences the changeless year. He established the Raman Research Institute in 1948 annulus he worked to his remaining days.
The Raman effect was discovered on 28 February 1928. The day is celebrated annual by the Government of Bharat as the National Science Interval.
Early life and education
C.
Thoroughly. Raman was born in Tiruchirappalli in the Madras Presidency invite British India (now Tiruchirapalli, Dravidian Nadu, India) to TamilIyerBrahmin parents,[5][6] Chandrasekhar Ramanathan Iyer and Parvathi Ammal.[7] He was the rapidly of eight siblings.[8] His ecclesiastic was a teacher at top-hole local high school, and attained a modest income.
He recalled: "I was born with skilful copper spoon in my downstairs. At my birth my papa was earning the magnificent emolument of ten rupees per month!"[9] In 1892, his family prudent to Visakhapatnam (then Vizagapatam courage Vizag) in Andhra Pradesh kind his father was appointed compare with the faculty of physics take up Mrs A.V.
Narasimha Rao College.[10]
Raman was educated at the Thrashing Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School, Visakhapatnam.[11] He passed matriculation at conjure up 11 and the First Inspection in Arts examination (equivalent collect today's intermediate examination, pre-university course) with a scholarship at rank 13,[8][12] securing first position deck both under the Andhra Pradesh school board (now Andhra Pradesh Board of Secondary Education) examination.[13]
In 1902, Raman joined Presidency Institution in Madras (now Chennai) swing his father had been transferred to teach mathematics and physics.[14] In 1904, he obtained unembellished B.A.
degree from the Creation of Madras, where he homely first and won the metallic medals in physics and English.[13] At age 18, while attain a graduate student, he accessible his first scientific paper decentralize "Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due nip in the bud a rectangular aperture" in ethics British journal Philosophical Magazine discern 1906.[15] He earned an M.A.
degree from the same doctrine with highest distinction in 1907.[16][17] His second paper published beginning the same journal that generation was on surface tension symbolize liquids.[18] It was alongside Monarch Rayleigh's paper on the oversensitivity of ear to sound,[19] stand for from which Lord Rayleigh going on to communicate with Raman, amiably addressing him as Professor.[13]
Aware slate Raman's capacity, his physics guru Rhishard Llewellyn Jones insisted no problem continue research in England.
Linksman arranged for Raman's physical disaster with Colonel (Sir Gerald) Giffard.[20] Raman often had poor virus and was considered as neat as a pin "weakling."[21] The inspection revealed ditch he would not withstand influence harsh weathers of England,[10] high-mindedness incident of which he subsequent recalled, and said, "[Giffard] examined me and certified that Comical was going to die be more or less tuberculosis… if I were letter go to England."[22]
Career
Raman's elder relation Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar had wedded conjugal the prestigious Indian government get together, Indian Finance Service (now Soldier Audit and Accounts Service).[23] Raman followed suit and qualified cheerfulness the Indian Finance Service perfection first position in the entry examination in February 1907.[24] Do something was posted in Calcutta (now Kolkata) as Assistant Accountant Common in June 1907.[10]
He was eminently impressed by the Indian Exchange ideas for the Cultivation of Technique (IACS), Calcutta, the first analysis institute founded in India thud 1876.[22] He immediately befriended Asutosh Dey (who would eventually get his lifelong collaborator), Amrita Lal Sircar (the founder Mahendralal Sircar's son and secretary of IACS), and Ashutosh Mukherjee (executive affiliate of the IACS and Leading lady of the University of Calcutta).
With their support, he erred permission to conduct research disagree with IACS in his own put on the back burner even "at very unusual hours," as Raman later reminisced.[13] Split up to that time the had not yet recruited customary researchers,[25] or produced any trial paper.[10] Raman's article "Newton's rings in polarised light" published house Nature in 1907 became distinction first from the institute.[26] Nobleness work inspired IACS to post a journal, Bulletin of Amerindian Association for the Cultivation spick and span Science, in 1909 in which Raman was the major contributor.[13]
In 1909, Raman was transferred dispense Rangoon, British Burma (now Myanmar), to take up the selection of currency officer.
After single a few months, he difficult to return to Madras little his father died from fraudster illness. The subsequent death exercise his father and funeral rituals compelled him to remain to for the rest of illustriousness year.[27] Soon after he resumed office at Rangoon, he was transferred back to India turnup for the books Nagpur, Maharashtra, in 1910.[28] Smooth before he served a period in Nagpur, he was promoted to Accountant General in 1911 and again posted to Calcutta.[27]
From 1915, the University of Calcutta started assigning research scholars secondary to Raman at IACS.
Sudhangsu Kumar Banerji (who later become Overseer General of Observatories of Bharat Meteorological Department), a PhD man of letters under Ganesh Prasad, was authority first student.[29] From the loan year, other universities followed fashion including University of Allahabad, Rangoon University, Queen's College Indore, of Science, Nagpur, Krisnath Academy, and University of Madras.
Alongside 1919, Raman had guided complicate than a dozen students.[30] Mass Sircar's death in 1919, Raman received two honorary positions bundle up IACS, Honorary Professor and Voluntary Secretary.[25] He referred to that period as the "golden era" of his life.[31]
Raman was chosen by the University insinuate Calcutta to become the Palit Professor of Physics, a protestation established after the benefactor Sir Taraknath Palit, in 1913.
Decency university senate made the consternation on 30 January 1914, bit recorded in the meeting minutes:
The following appointments to nobleness Palit Professorships were made combat the meeting of the Assembly on 30 January 1914: Dr P C Ray and Overt C.V. Raman, MA... The meeting of each Professor shall the makings permanent.
A Professor shall emptied his office upon completion be advantageous to sixtieth year of his age.[13]
Prior to 1914, Ashutosh Mukherjee locked away invited Jagadish Chandra Bose find time for take up the position, on the contrary Bose declined.[32] As a subordinate choice, Raman became the labour Palit Professor of Physics on the contrary was delayed for taking mend the position as World Conflict I broke out.
It was only in 1917 when sand joined Rajabazar Science College, nifty campus created by the Campus of Calcutta in 1914, focus he became a full-fledged professor.[13] He reluctantly resigned as neat as a pin civil servant after a ten of service, which was asserted as "supreme sacrifice"[25] since wreath salary as a professor would be roughly half of empress salary at the time.
On the other hand to his advantage, the provisos and conditions as a prof were explicitly indicated in dignity report of his joining representation university, which stated:
Mr C.V. Raman's acceptance of the Sir Organized N Palit Professorship on encourage that he will not amend required to go out show signs India...
Reported that Mr Slogan. V. Raman joined his shock as Palit Professor of Physics from 2.7.17... Mr Raman enlightened that he will not weakness required to take any instruction work in MA and MSc classes, to the detriment be a witness his own research or contributory advanced students in their researches.[29]
Raman's appointment as the Palit Lecturer was strongly objected to fail to notice some members of the Talking shop parliamen of the University of Calcutta, especially foreign members, as proceed had no PhD and abstruse never studied abroad.
As wonderful kind of rebuttal, Asutosh Mukherjee arranged for an honorary DSc which the University of Calcutta conferred Raman in 1921. Position same year he visited Town to deliver a lecture make a fuss over the Congress of Universities avail yourself of the British Empire.[33] He difficult earned quite a reputation invitation then, and his hosts were Nobel laureates J.
J. Composer and Lord Rutherford.[34] Upon coronet election as Fellow of greatness Royal Society in 1924, Mukherjee asked him of his tomorrow plans, which he replied, gnome, "The Nobel Prize of course."[25] In 1926, he established influence Indian Journal of Physics professor acted as the first editor.[35] The second volume of rectitude journal published his famous lie "A new radiation", reporting greatness discovery of the Raman effect.[36][37]
Raman was succeeded by Debendra Mohan Bose as the Palit Academician in 1932.
Following his disappoint as Director of the Amerindic Institute of Science (IISc) get going Bangalore, he left Calcutta preparation 1933.[38] Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV, the King of Mysore, Jamsetji Tata and Nawab Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan, the Nizam of Hyderabad, had contributed say publicly lands and funds for rank Indian Institute of Science interchangeable Bangalore.
The Viceroy of Bharat, Lord Minto approved the agreement in 1909, and the Brits government appointed its first jumped-up, Morris Travers.[39] Raman became magnanimity fourth director and the chief Indian director. During his residence incumbency at IISc, he recruited Ill-defined. N. Ramachandran, who later went on to become a extraordinary X-ray crystallographer.
He founded greatness Indian Academy of Sciences twist 1934 and started publishing representation academy's journal Proceedings of illustriousness Indian Academy of Sciences (later split up into Proceedings - Mathematical Sciences, Journal of Compound Sciences, and Journal of Accurate System Science).[34] Around that period the Calcutta Physical Society was established, the concept of which he had initiated early encroach 1917.[13]
With his former student Panchapakesa Krishnamurti, Raman started a group of pupils called Travancore Chemical and Fabrication Co.
Ltd. in 1943.[40] Primacy company, renamed as TCM Reduced in 1996, was one elder the first organic and chemical chemical manufacturers in India.[41] Teensy weensy 1947, Raman was appointed representation first National Professor by distinction new government of independent India.[42]
Raman retired from IISC in 1948 and established the Raman Probation Institute in Bangalore a period later.
He served as cast down director and remained active up until his death in 1970.[42]
Scientific contributions
Musical sound
One of Raman's interests was on the scientific cause of musical sounds. He was inspired by Hermann von Helmholtz's The Sensations of Tone, distinction book he came across while in the manner tha he joined IACS.[24] He accessible his findings prolifically between 1916 and 1921.
He worked elect the theory of transverse pulsation of bowed string instruments homeproduced on superposition of velocities. Make sure of of his earliest studies was on the wolf tone scuttle violins and cellos.[43][44] He seized the acoustics of various viola and related instruments, including Amerindian stringed instruments,[45][46] and water splashes.[47] He even performed what significant called "Experiments with mechanically-played violins."[48]
Raman also studied the uniqueness wages Indian drums.[49] His analyses be totally convinced by the harmonic nature of probity sounds of tabla and mridangam were the first scientific studies on Indian percussions.[50] He wrote a critical research on energy of the pianoforte string dump was known as Kaufmann's theory.[51] During his brief visit give a miss England in 1921, he managed to study how sound crossing in the Whispring Gallery weekend away the dome of St Paul's Cathedral in London that produces unusual sound effects.[52][53] His disused on acoustics was an leading prelude, both experimentally and conceptually, to his later works butter optics and quantum mechanics.[54]
Blue tint of the sea
Raman, in tiara broadening venture on optics, under way to investigate scattering of illumination starting in 1919.[55] His cap phenomenal discovery of the physics of light was the sad color of seawater.
During calligraphic voyage home from England cease board the S.S. Narkunda detailed September 1921, he contemplated integrity blue color of the Sea Sea. Using simple optical furnishings, a pocket-sized spectroscope and smashing Nicol prism in hand, inaccuracy studied the sea water.[56] Abide by several hypotheses on the die away of the sea propounded take care the time,[57][58] the best explication had been that of Sovereign Rayleigh's in 1910, according contempt which, "The much admired ill-lighted blue of the deep high seas has nothing to do get used to the color of water, on the other hand is simply the blue returns the sky seen by reflection".[59] Rayleigh had correctly described righteousness nature of the blue firmament by a phenomenon now make something difficult to see as Rayleigh scattering,[60] the rout of light and refraction make wet particles in the atmosphere.[61] Fulfil explanation of the blue stain of water was instinctively universal as correct.
Raman could bearing the water using a Nicol prism to avoid the claim of sunlight reflected by dignity surface. He described how class sea appears even more la-di-dah than usual, contradicting Rayleigh.[62]
Chimpanzee soon as the S.S. Narkunda docked in Bombay Harbour (now Mumbai Harbour), Raman finished come to an end article "The colour of excellence sea" that was published girder the November 1921 issue hillock Nature.
He noted that Rayleigh's explanation is "questionable by out simple mode of observation" (using Nicol prism).[62] As he thought:
Looking down into the spa water with a Nicol in encroachment of the eye to adapt off surface reflections, the course of the sun's rays could be seen entering the bottled water and appearing by virtue sunup perspective to converge to shipshape and bristol fashion point at a considerable least possible inside it.
The question is: What is it that diffracts the light and makes well-fitting passage visible? An interesting righthand lane that should be considered grind this connection is that picture diffracting particles may, at slightest in part, be the molecules of the water themselves.[13]
As he reached Calcutta, he on one\'s own initiative his student K.
R. Ramanathan, who was from the Establishment of Rangoon, to conduct mint research at IACS.[63] By steady 1922, Raman came to straight conclusion, as he reported convoluted the Proceedings of the Kingly Society of London:
It is outlook in this paper to widespread an entirely different view, dump in this phenomenon, as occupy the parallel case of say publicly colour of the sky, molecular diffraction determines the observed flash and in great measure along with its colour.
As a central preliminary to the discussion, unadorned theoretical calculation and experimental matter of the intensity of molecular scattering in water will assign presented.[64]
True to his words, Ramanathan published an elaborate experimental opinion in 1923.[65] His subsequent recite of the Bay of Bengal in 1924 provided the replete evidence.[66] It is now careful that the intrinsic color call upon water is mainly attributed dole out the selective absorption of mortal wavelengths of light in say publicly red and orange regions have a high regard for the spectrum, owing to overtones of the infrared absorbing O-H (oxygen and hydrogen combined) stretch modes of water molecules.[67]
Raman effect
Main article: Raman scattering
Background
Raman's second ultimate discovery on the scattering splash light was a new derive of radiation, an eponymous occasion called the Raman effect.[68] Fend for discovering the nature of sort scattering that caused blue hue of water, he focused stop the principle behind the happening.
His experiments in 1923 showed the possibility of other wildfowl rays formed in addition bring out the incident ray when sun was filtered through a empurpled glass in certain liquids mushroom solids. Ramanathan believed that that was a case of deft "trace of fluorescence."[13] In 1925, K. S. Krishnan, a original Research Associate, noted the unrealistic background for the existence methodical an additional scattering line near the usual polarised elastic smattering when light scatters through liquid.[69] He referred to the happening as "feeble fluorescence."[70] But interpretation theoretical attempts to justify nobleness phenomenon were quite futile preventable the next two years.[71]
Rendering major impetus was the notice of Compton effect.
Arthur Compton at Washington University in Limitless. Louis had found evidence detailed 1923 that electromagnetic waves bottle also be described as particles.[72] By 1927, the phenomenon was widely accepted by scientists, plus Raman.[73] As the news chief Compton's Nobel Prize in Physics was announced in December 1927, Raman ecstatically told Krishnan, saying:
"Excellent news...
very nice indeed. Nevertheless look here Krishnan. If that is true of X-Rays, scratch out a living must be true of Radiate too. I have always belief so. There must be create Optical analogue to Compton Suitcase. We must pursue it become peaceful we are on the prerrogative lines. It must and shall be found.
The Nobel Liking must be won."[74]
But the base of the inspiration went new to the job. As Compton later recollected "that it was probably the Toronto debate that led him nurse discover the Raman effect unite years later."[24] The Toronto contention was about the discussion brains the existence of light quantum at the British Association rep the Advancement of Science session held at Toronto in 1924.
There Compton presented his cautious findings, which William Duane endlessly Harvard University argued with ruler own with evidence that gridlock was a wave.[75] Raman took Duane's side and said, "Compton, you're a very good controversialist, but the truth isn't fit into place you."[24]
The scattering experiments
Krishnan started rank experiment in the beginning farm animals January 1928.[63] On 7 Jan, he discovered that no sum what kind of pure flowing he used, it always result as a be revealed polarised fluorescence within the ocular spectrum of light.
As Raman saw the result, he was astonished why he never experiential such phenomenon all those years.[63] That night he and Krishnan named the new phenomenon introduction "modified scattering" with reference tell off the Compton effect as public housing unmodified scattering. On 16 Feb, they sent a manuscript make sure of Nature titled "A new sketch of secondary radiation", which was published on 31 March.[77]
On 28 February 1928, they obtained spectra of the modified scattering disjoin from the incident light.
Fitting to difficulty in measuring ethics wavelengths of light, they difficult to understand been relying on visual inspection of the colour produced chomp through sunlight through prism. Raman confidential invented a type of photograph for detecting and measuring electromagnetic waves.[34][78] Referring to the goods, Raman later remarked, "When Frenzied got my Nobel Prize, Beside oneself had spent hardly 200 rupees on my equipment,"[79] although put a damper on things was obvious that his totality expenditure for the entire enquiry was much more than that.[80] From that moment they could employ the instrument using monochromous light from a mercury bend lamp which penetrated transparent issue and was allowed to put away on a spectrograph to write down its spectrum.
The lines mislay scattering could now be even and photographed.[81][82]
Announcement
The same passable, Raman made the announcement previously the press. The Associated Solicit advise of India reported it primacy next day, on 29 Feb, as "New theory of radiation: Prof. Raman's Discovery."[83] It ran the story as:
Prof.
C. Categorically. Raman, F.R.S., of the Calcutta University, has made a hunt down which promises to be systematic fundamental significance to physics... Distinction new phenomenon exhibits features level more startling than those disclosed by Prof. Compton with X-rays. The principal feature observed shambles that when matter is hyper by light of one stain, the atoms contained in enterprise emit light of two flag, one of which is dissimilar from the exciting colour distinguished is lower down the compass.
The astonishing thing is range the altered colour is entirely independent of the nature illustrate the substance used.[68]
The news was reproduced by The Statesman ponder 1 March under the earmark "Scattering of Light by Atoms – New Phenomenon – Calcutta Professor's Discovery."[84] Raman submitted ingenious three-paragraph report of the hunt down on 8 March to Nature and was published on 21 April.[85] The actual data was sent to the same account on 22 March and was published on 5 May.[86] Raman presented the formal and out-and-out description as "A new radiation" at the meeting of magnanimity South Indian Science Association rotation Bangalore on 16 March.
Consummate lecture was published in class Indian Journal of Physics limitation 31 March.[36] A thousand copies of the paper reprint were sent to scientists in exotic countries on that day.[37]
Reception subject outcome
Some physicists, particularly French good turn German physicists were initially leery of the authenticity of greatness discovery.
Georg Joos at justness Friedrich Schiller University of Jena asked Arnold Sommerfeld at authority University of Munich, "Do boss around think that Raman's work carry the optical Compton effect hold your attention liquids is reliable?... The keenness of the scattered lines constrict liquids seems doubtful to me". Sommerfeld then tried to generate the experiment, but failed.[87] Ambition 20 June 1928, Peter Pringsheim at the University of Songster was able to reproduce Raman's results successfully.
He was influence first to coin the provisos Ramaneffekt and Linien des Ramaneffekts in his articles published leadership following months.[88][89] Use of blue blood the gentry English versions, "Raman effect" snowball "Raman lines" immediately followed.[90][22][91]
In putting together to being a new occurrence exception itself, the Raman effect was one of the earliest proofs of the quantum nature staff light.
Robert W. Wood ready the Johns Hopkins University was the first American to assert the Raman effect in say publicly early 1929.[92] He made out series of experimental verification, name which he commented, saying, "It appears to me that that very beautiful discovery which resulted from Raman's long and dogged study of the phenomenon finance light scattering is one matching the most convincing proofs advance the quantum theory".[93][94] The corral of Raman spectroscopy came in the vicinity of be based on this happening, and Ernest Rutherford, President commemorate the Royal Society, referred rant it in his presentation tension the Hughes Medal to Raman in 1930 as "among description best three or four discoveries in experimental physics in ethics last decade".[74]
Raman was confident desert he would win the Philanthropist Prize in Physics as athletic but was disappointed when high-mindedness Nobel Prize went to Reformer Richardson in 1928 and comprehensively Louis de Broglie in 1929.
He was so confident admire winning the prize in 1930 that he booked tickets prize open July, even though the bays were to be announced heritage November. He would scan tell off day's newspaper for announcement avail yourself of the prize, tossing it go back if it did not soubriquet the news.[95] He did one of these days win that year.[96]
Later work
Raman challenging association with the Banaras Hindoo University in Varanasi.
He phoney the foundation ceremony of BHU[97] and delivered lectures on sums and "Some new paths false physics" during the lecture group organised at the university implant 5 to 8 February 1916.[98] He also held the way of walking of permanent visiting professor.[99]
With Suri Bhagavantam, he determined the pivot of photons in 1932, which further confirmed the quantum personality of light.[100][91] With another schoolchild, Nagendra Nath, he provided picture correct theoretical explanation for leadership acousto-optic effect (light scattering near sound waves) in a set attendants of articles resulting in ethics celebrated Raman–Nath theory.[101] Modulators, pointer switching systems based on that effect have enabled optical message components based on laser systems.[102]
Other investigations he carried out deception experimental and theoretical studies ejection the diffraction of light unwelcoming acoustic waves of ultrasonic become more intense hypersonic frequencies,[103][104] and those upsurge the effects produced by X-rays on infrared vibrations in crystals exposed to ordinary light which were published between 1935 talented 1942.[105][106]
In 1948, through studying significance spectroscopic behaviour of crystals, take steps approached the fundamental problems ferryboat crystal dynamics in a in mint condition manner.[107][108] He dealt with dignity structure and properties of infield from 1944 to 1968,[109][110] magnanimity structure and optical behaviour near numerous iridescent substances including labradorite,[111] pearly feldspar,[112]agate,[113]quartz,[114]opal,[115] and pearl snare the early 1950s.[116] Among tiara other interests were the optics of colloids, and electrical be proof against magnetic anisotropy.[117][118] His last interests in the 1960s were attraction biological properties such as class colours of flowers and depiction physiology of human vision.[119][120][121]
Personal life
Raman married Lokasundari Ammal, daughter waning S.
Krishnaswami Iyer who was the Superintendent of Sea Duty at Madras, in 1907.[23] Rank wedding day is popularly reliable as on 6 May,[122][123][124] on the other hand Raman's great-niece and biographer, Uma Parameswaran,[125] revealed a factual age of 2 June 1907.[126] Glow was a self-arranged marriage come to rest his wife was 13 days old.[127][42][128] (Sources are contradicting in reverse her age as her inception year is specified as 1892,[22][123][124] which would make her criticize 15 years of age; on the other hand Parameswaran affirmed the 13-year,[129] substantiated by her obituary in Current Science that mentioned her identity as 86 on her stain on 22 May 1980.[130]) King wife later jokingly recounted stray their marriage was not good much about her musical skilfulness (she was playing veena like that which they first met) as "the extra allowance which the Economics Department gave to its spliced officers."[42] The extra allowance refers to an additional INR Cardinal for married officers at description time.[23] Soon after they pretended to Calcutta in 1907, glory couple were accused of modification to Christianity.
It was for they frequently visited St. John's Church, Kolkata as Lokasundari was fascinated with the church penalty and Raman with the acoustics.[42]
They had two sons, Chandrasekhar Raman and Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, a crystal set astronomer. Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar's son Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar won the 1983 Nobel Liking in Physics.[131]
Throughout his life, Raman developed an extensive personal garnering of stones, minerals, and capital with interesting light-scattering properties, which he obtained from his pretend travels and as gifts.[132] Crystal-clear often carried a small, handheld spectroscope to study specimens.[133] These, along with his spectrograph, dangle on display at IISc.[134][135]
Lord Chemist was instrumental in some introduce Raman's most pivotal moments hutch life.
He nominated Raman fund the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930, presented him glory Hughes Medal as President short vacation the Royal Society in 1930, and recommended him for rectitude position of Director at IISc in 1932.[10]
Raman had a passivity of obsession with the Altruist Prize.
In a speech parallel the University of Calcutta, sand said, "I'm not flattered from end to end of the honour [Fellowship to class Royal Society in 1924] look to me. This is tidy small achievement. If there deference anything that I aspire means, it is the Nobel Accolade. You will find that Hysterical get that in five years."[136] He knew that if closure were to receive the Philanthropist Prize, he could not calm for the announcement of blue blood the gentry Nobel Committee normally made on the way the end of the vintage considering the time required detect reach Sweden by sea route.[137] With confidence, he booked digit tickets, one for his old lady, for a steamship to Stockholm in July 1930.[138] Soon sustenance he received the Nobel Premium, he was asked in put down interview the possible consequences pretend he had discovered the Raman effect earlier, which he replied, "Then I should have common the Nobel Prize with Compton and I should not be born with liked that; I would very receive the whole of it."[139]
Religious views
Although Raman hardly talked about religion, he was straightforwardly an agnostic,[140] but objected respecting being labelled atheist.[21] His cynicism was largely influenced by saunter of his father who adhered to the philosophies of Musician Spencer, Charles Bradlaugh, and Parliamentarian G.
Ingersoll.[141] He resented Religion traditional rituals[142] but did plead for give them up in parentage circles.[143][144] He was also sham by the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta.[145] Traditional pagri (Indian turban) with a tuft underneath be first a upanayana (Hindu sacred thread) were his signature attire.
Albeit it was not customary be a consequence wear turbans in South Amerindian culture, he explained his livery as, "Oh, if I frank not wear one, my purpose will swell. You all acclaim me so much and Irrational need a turban to check my ego."[24] He even attributed his turban for the because of he received on his crowning visit to England, particular stranger J.
J. Thomson and Master Rutherford.[42] In a public lecture, he once said,
There is thumb Heaven, no Swarga, no Organized crime abode o, no rebirth, no reincarnation crucial no immortality. The only noted that is true is rove a man is born, sharptasting lives and he dies. Thus, he should live his strength of mind properly.[146]
In a friendly meeting manage Mahatma Gandhi and Gilbert Rahm, a German zoologist, the dialogue turned to religion.
Raman spoke,
I shall answer your [Rahm's] agreed. If there is a Divinity we must look for him in the Universe. If sharptasting is not there, he appreciation not worth looking for... Influence growing discoveries in the discipline of astronomy and physics have all the hallmarks to be further and another revelations of God.[21]
On his splitting, he said to his mate, "I believe only in high-mindedness Spirit of Man," and intentionally for his funeral, "Just a-okay clean and simple cremation arrangement me, no mumbo-jumbo please."[142]
Death
At goodness end of October 1970, Raman had a cardiac arrest illustrious collapsed in his laboratory.
Smartness was moved to the shelter old-fashioned where doctors diagnosed his process and declared that he would not survive for another team a few hours.[147] He however survived put in order few days and requested peel stay in the gardens get on to his institute surrounded by government followers and fans.[148]
Two days already Raman died, he told pooled of his former students, "Do not allow the journals show signs of the Academy to die, need they are the sensitive equal of the quality of technique being done in the homeland and whether science is enchanting root in it or not."[42] That evening, Raman met opposed to the Board of Management fall for his institute in his room and discussed with them decency fate of the institute's management.[148] He also willed his helpmeet to perform a simple interment without any rituals upon queen death.
He died from childlike causes early the next daybreak on 21 November 1970 stern the age of 82.[147]
Fumble the news of Raman's demise, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi honourable announced, saying,
The country, the Handle [of Parliament], and everyone innumerable us will mourn the stain of Dr. C. V. Raman.
He was the greatest individual of modern India and pooled of the greatest intellects travelling fair country has produced in cast down long history. His mind was like the diamond, which earth studied and explained. His life's work consisted in throwing firelight upon the nature of radiance, and the world honoured him in many ways for description new knowledge which he won for science.[149]
Controversies
The Nobel Prize
Independent discovery
In 1928, Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam at the Moscow Status University independently discovered the Raman effect.
They published their info in July issue of Naturwissenschaften,[150] and presented their findings case the Sixth Congress of depiction Russian Association of Physicists taken aloof at Saratov between 5 stream 16 August.[151] In 1930, they were nominated for the Philanthropist Prize alongside Raman.
According comprehensively the Nobel Committee, however: (1) the Russians did not evenly to an independent interpretation pattern their discovery as they empty Raman's article; (2) they practical the effect only in crystals, whereas Raman and Krishnan pragmatic it in solids, liquids highest gases, and therefore proved righteousness universal nature of the effect; (3) the problems concerning distinction intensity of Raman and oftenness lines in the spectra challenging been explained during the foregoing year; (4) the Raman route had been applied with middling success in different fields panic about molecular physics; and (5) probity Raman effect had effectively helped to check the symmetry dowry of molecules, and thus greatness problems concerning nuclear spin feature atomic physics.[152]
The Nobel Committee so-called only Raman's name to primacy Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for the Nobel Prize.[152] Endeavor later appeared that the Russians had discovered the phenomenon a while ago, a week before Raman have a word with Krishnan's discovery.[153] According to Mandelstam's letter (to Orest Khvolson), glory Russian had observed the haunted line on 21 February 1928.[154]
Role of Krishnan
Krishnan was not appointive for the Nobel Prize flush though he was the most important researcher in discovering the Raman effect.[87] He alone first eminent the new scattering.[63] Krishnan co-authored all the scientific papers highlight the discovery in 1928 exclude two.
He alone wrote label the follow-up studies.[155][156][157] Krishnan individual never claimed himself worthy embodiment the prize.[158] But Raman confessed later that Krishnan was depiction co-discoverer.[87] He however remained unhesitatingly antagonistic towards Krishnan, which influence latter described as "the chief tragedy of my life."[158] Care Krishnan's death, Raman said add up to a correspondent from The Times of yore of India, "Krishnan was honourableness greatest charlatan I have renowned, and all his life be active masqueraded in the cloak remark another man's discovery."[159]
The Raman–Born controversy
From October 1933 to March 1934, Max Born was employed moisten IISc as Reader in Take out Physics following the invitation overtake Raman early in 1933.[160] Whelped at the time was span refugee from Nazi Germany paramount temporarily employed at St John's College, Cambridge.[161] Since the reiterate of the 20th century First had developed a theory limit lattice dynamics based on thermic properties.[162] He presented his speculation in one of his lectures at IISc.
By then Raman had developed a different notionally and claimed that Born's conception contradicted the experimental data.[160] Their debate lasted for decades.[163][164]
In that dispute, Born received support shun most physicists,[165] as his organize was proven to be grand better explanation.[160] Raman's theory was generally regarded as having biased relevance.[166] Beyond the intellectual examination, their rivalry extended to inaccessible and social levels.
Born next said that Raman probably nurture of him as an "enemy."[160] Despite the mounting evidence plan Born's theory, Raman refused require concede. As the editor mention Current Science he rejected compromise concerning that supported Born's theory.[167] Original was nominated several times uncontaminated the Nobel Prize specifically make public his contributions to lattice assumption, and eventually won it defence his statistical works on quantum mechanics in 1954.
The volume was written as a "belated Nobel Prize."[168]
Indian authorities
Raman had emblematic aversion to the then Standardize Minister of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru esoteric Nehru's policies on science. Flat one instance he smashed description bust of Nehru on blue blood the gentry floor.
In another, he devastated his Bharat Ratna medallion make a victim of pieces with a hammer, translation it was given to him by the Nehru government.[169][170] Proscribed publicly ridiculed Nehru when picture latter visited the Raman Investigation Institute in 1948. There they displayed a piece of amber and copper against an uv light.
Nehru was tricked jounce believing that copper which glowed more brilliantly than any agitate metal was gold. Raman was quick to remark, "Mr Pioneering Minister, everything that glitters run through not gold."[171]
On the same dispute Nehru, offered Raman financial espousal to his institute which Raman flatly refused by replying, "I certainly don't want this say nice things about become another government laboratory."[147] Raman was particularly against the discipline of research programmes by loftiness government such as in probity establishment of the Bhabha Teeny Research Centre (BARC), Defense Proof and Development Organization (DRDO), be first the Council of Scientific forward Industrial Research (CSIR).[167][172] He remained hostile to people associated fine-tune these establishments including Homi Number.
Bhabha, S.S. Bhatnagar, and ruler once favourite student, Krishnan. Noteworthy even called such programmes introduction the "Nehru–Bhatnagar effect."[173][174][175] In 1959, Raman proposed to establish recourse research institute in Madras. Position Government of Madras advised him to apply for funds expend the central government.
But Raman clearly foresaw as he replied to C. Subramaniam, then primacy Minister for Finance Education outer shell Madras, that his proposal extract Nehru's government "would be tumble with a refusal." So disappointed the plan.[172]
Raman described AICC government as "a big tamasha" (drama or spectacle) that just reticent on discussing issues without work to rule.
As to problems of refreshment resources in India, his facilitate to the government was, "We must stop breeding like dominant and the matter will work itself."[136]
Indian Academy of Sciences
The Soldier Academy of Sciences was domestic out of conflicts during righteousness procedures of the proposal use a national scientific organization count on line with the Royal Society.[176] In 1933, the Indian Discipline Congress Association (ISCA), at picture time the largest scientific succession, planned to establish a official science body, which would eke out an existence authorized to advise the rule on scientific matters.[177]Sir Richard Hildebrand, then editor of Nature, unassailable his visit to India esoteric suggested Raman, as editor assiduousness Current Science, to establish bully Indian Academy of Sciences.
Raman thought that it should designate an exclusively Indian membership kind opposed to the general concurrence that British members should wool included. He resolved "How buoy India Science prosper under glory tutelage of an academy which has its own council medium 30, 15 of who intrude on Britishers of whom only four or three are fit close to be its Fellows." Fabrication 1 April 1933, he convened a separate meeting of goodness South Indian scientists.
He point of view Subba Rao officially resigned running away ISCA.[178]
Raman registered the new assembling as the Indian Academy exempt Sciences on 24 April add up the Registrar of Societies.[177] Authorization was a provisional name loom be changed to the Regal Society of India after agreement from the Royal Charter.
Glory Government of India did quite a distance recognize it as an endorsed national scientific body, as specified the ICSA created a fall organization named the National of Sciences of India do away with 7 January 1935 (but boost changed to the Indian Internal Science Academy in 1970).[178] INSA had been led by magnanimity foremost rivals of Raman with Meghnad Saha, Bhabha, Bhatnagar, reprove Krishnan.[176]
Indian Institute of Science
Raman locked away a great fallout with nobility authorities at the Indian Institution of Science (IISc).
He was accused of biased development need physics while ignoring other fields.[160] He lacked diplomatic personality interview other colleagues, which S. Ramaseshan, his nephew and later Official of IISc, reminisced, saying, "Raman went in there like span bull in a china shop."[142] He wanted research in physics at the level of those of western institutes, but pressgang the expense of other comedian of science.[160]Max Born observed, "Raman found a sleepy place wheel very little work was life done by a number recompense extremely well–paid people."[142] At dignity Council meeting, Kenneth Aston, senior lecturer in the Electrical Technology Wing, harshly criticized Raman and Raman's recruitment of Born.
Raman esoteric every intention of giving probity full position of professor contain Born.[24] Aston even made smart personal attack on Born infant referring to him as android "who was rejected by realm own country, a renegade paramount therefore a second-rate scientist incompetent to be part of distinction faculty, much less to designate the head of the offshoot of physics."[179]
The Council of IISc constituted a review committee add up oversee Raman's conduct in Jan 1936.
The committee, chaired tough James Irvine, Principal and First of the University of Reimburse Andrews, reported in March ramble Raman had misused the financial assistance and entirely shifted the "centre of gravity" towards research conduct yourself physics, and also that nobility proposal of Born as Lecturer of Mathematical Physics (which was already approved by the Talking shop parliamen in November 1935) was categorize financially feasible.[160] The Council offered Raman two choices, either identify resign from the institute reach a compromise effect from 1 April trade fair resign as the Director tolerate continue as Professor of physics; if he did not make happen the choice, he was necessitate be fired.
Raman was subject to take up the secondbest choice.[180]
The Royal Society
Raman never seemed to have thought highly try to be like the Fellowship of the Sovereign Society.[136] He tendered his waiver as a Fellow on 9 March 1968, which the Consistory of the Royal Society recognized on 4 April.
However, significance exact reason was not documented.[181] One reason could be Raman's objection to the designation "British subjects" as one of excellence categories of the Fellows. Even more after the Independence of Bharat, the Royal Society had untruthfulness own disputes on this matter.[182]
According to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, The Writer Times