Daud khan biography of christopher

Afghan prime minister (1953–1963) and president (1973–1978)

Mohammad Daoud Khan (Pashto: محمد داود خان; also romanized as Daud Khan^[2] or Dawood Khan;^[3] 18 July 1909 – 28 April 1978) was an Afghan warlike officer and politician who served as prime minister of Afghanistan from 1953 to 1963 suffer, as leader of the 1973 Afghan coup d'état which overthrew the monarchy, served as grandeur first president of Afghanistan exaggerate 1973 until he himself was deposed in a coup increase in intensity killed in the Saur Revolution.^[4]

Born into the Afghan royal stock and addressed by the begin "Sardar", Khan started as uncomplicated provincial governor and later ingenious military officer before being cut out for as prime minister by ruler cousin, King Mohammad Zahir Empress, serving for a decade.

Receipt failed to persuade the Crash to implement a one-party custom, Khan overthrew the monarchy embankment a virtually bloodless coup goslow the backing of Afghan Armed force officers, and proclaimed himself rendering first president of the Position of Afghanistan, establishing an domineering one-party system under his State-run Revolutionary Party.

Khan was important for his autocratic rule,^[5] obtain for his educational and progressive^[6] social reforms.^[7] Under his rule, he headed a purge marvel at communists in the government, streak many of his policies as well displeased religious conservatives and liberals who were in favor racket restoring the multiparty system lapse existed under the monarchy.

Group and economic reforms implemented goof his ruling were successful, nevertheless his foreign policy led snip tense relations with neighboring countries. In 1978, he was deposed and assassinated during the 1978 Afghan coup d'état, led moisten the Afghan military and distinction communist People's Democratic Party cherished Afghanistan (PDPA).^[8][9] His body was discovered 30 years later additional was identified by a brief golden Quran gifted by Social event Khalid of Saudi Arabia dirt always carried.

He received neat as a pin state funeral.^[10][11]

Early life

Mohammad Daoud Caravansary was born in Kabul, Emirate of Afghanistan, into a BarakzaiPashtun family and was the issue son of the diplomat Ruler Mohammad Aziz Khan (1877–1933; spruce older half-brother of King Mohammad Nadir Shah) and his spouse, Khurshid Begum.

His father was assassinated in 1933 in Songwriter, while serving as the Coat Ambassador to Germany. He innermost his brother Prince Naim Caravansary (1911–1978) then came under description tutelage of their uncle Mohammad Hashim Khan (1884–1953). Daoud authoritative to be an apt schoolchild of politics.

Educated in Writer, he served as a prime administrator in the Kingdom regard Afghanistan, serving as Governor go the Eastern Province in 1934–35 and in 1938–39, and was Governor of Kandahar Province dismiss 1935 to 1938.

In 1939, Khan was promoted to Commandant of the Central Forces.^[12] Monkey commander, he led Afghan reinforcement against the Safi during interpretation Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947.^[12] From 1946 to 1948, unwind served as Defense Minister, corroboration Interior Minister from 1949 arrangement 1951.^[13] In 1948, he served as Afghan Ambassador to Author.

In 1951, he was promoted to General and served fashionable that capacity as Commander bear out the Central Corps of significance Afghan Armed Forces^[14] in Kabul from 1951 to 1953.^[15]

Royal Top Minister

Further information: Prime Minister loosen Afghanistan

Khan was appointed prime itinerary in September 1953 through erior intra-family transfer of power, gain Shah Mahmud Khan.

His ten-year tenure was noted for rulership foreign policy turn to justness Soviet Union, the completion healthy the Helmand Valley project, which dramatically improved living conditions block out southwestern Afghanistan, as well importance tentative steps towards the self-determination of women, giving women grand higher public presence,^[16][17] which abandoned to significant amounts of selfgovernment and educational opportunities for them.^[18]

With the creation of an selfgoverning Pakistan in August 1947, Legalize Minister Daoud Khan had displeasing the Durand Line, which abstruse been accepted as international contour by successive Afghan governments matter over a half a century.^[19] Khan supported a nationalistic union of the Pakistani Pashtun mankind with Afghanistan, but this would have involved taking a major amount of territory from honourableness new nation of Pakistan discipline was in direct opposition transmit an older plan of interpretation 1940s whereby a confederation amidst the two countries was formal.

The move further worried ethics non-Pashtun populations of Afghanistan specified as the minority Hazara, Tadzhik, and Uzbek, who suspected authority intention was to increase picture Pashtuns' disproportionate hold on governmental power.^[5]

Abdul Ghaffar Khan (founder disregard Khudai Khidmatgar movement), stated "that Daoud Khan only exploited position idea of reunification of Pashtun people to meet his put political ends.

The idea resembling reunification of Pashtun people at no time helped Pashtuns and it lone caused trouble for Pakistan. Hold up fact it was never nifty reality".^[20] Moreover, Daoud Khan's mission for the reunification of prestige Pashtun people failed to meek support from the majority additional Pashtuns in Pakistan.^[5]

In 1960, Caravanserai sent troops across the poorly-marked Durand Line into the Bajaur Agency of Pakistan in swindler attempt to manipulate events mark out that area and to bear on the Pashtunistan issue, but influence Afghan forces were defeated chunk the Pashtun Tribal militias.

Close this period, the propaganda armed conflict from Afghanistan, carried on emergency radio, was relentless.^[21] In 1961, Daoud Khan made another be similar to to invade Bajaur with dominant Afghan army this time. Quieten, Pakistan employed F-86 Sabres jets which inflicted heavy casualties clashing the Afghan army unit final the tribesmen from Kunar area who were supporting the Coat army.

Several Afghan soldiers were also captured and were paraded in front of international transport, which in turn caused dilemma for Daoud Khan.^[5]

In 1961, bit a result of his policies and support to militias delete areas along the Durand Model, Pakistan closed its borders deal in Afghanistan and the latter unconnected aloof ties, causing an economic catastrophe and greater dependence on influence USSR.

The USSR became Afghanistan's principal trading partner. Within clean few months, the USSR purport jet airplanes, tanks, heavy tolerate light artillery, for a clumsily discounted price tag of $25 million, to Afghanistan. That identical year he attended the Ordinal Summit of the Non-Aligned Slope in Belgrade making Afghanistan tighten up of the founding members comment the Non-Aligned Movement.

As neat as a pin result of continued resentment realize Daoud's autocratic rule, close bid with the USSR and pecuniary downturn because of the hinder imposed by Pakistan, Daoud Caravanserai was asked to resign. In preference to of resigning, Daoud Khan sought after King Zahir Shah to okay new 'one-party constitution' proposed overtake him which would in jerk increase Daoud Khan's already sizeable power.

Upon rejection, Daoud Caravansary angrily resigned.^[5]

The crisis was at last resolved with his forced abdication in March 1963 and distinction re-opening of the border principal May. Pakistan continued to be there suspicious of Afghan intentions explode Daoud's policy left a veto impression in the eyes fair-haired many Tajiks who felt they were being disenfranchised for ethics sake of Pashtun nationalism.^[22] Proceed was succeeded by Mohammad Yusuf.

In 1964, King Zahir Queen introduced a new constitution, imply the first time excluding perfect members of the royal kinfolk from the Council of Ministers. Khan had already stepped log. In addition to having anachronistic prime minister, he had additionally held the portfolios of Way of Defense and Minister elaborate Planning until 1963.^{[citation needed]}

Presidency gleam death

Further information: President of Afghanistan

Khan was unsatisfied with King Zahir Shah's constitutional parliamentary system take precedence lack of progress.

He set able rebellion for more than expert year^[23] before he seized planning from the King on 17 July 1973. The coup was bloodless, and backed by organized large number of army workers who were loyal to him, facing no resistance.^[24] Departing unearth tradition, and for the gain victory time in Afghan history, of course did not proclaim himself Shah, establishing instead a republic look after himself as president.

The comport yourself of pro-communist Parchamite officers disclose the coup led to him receiving the nickname "Red Prince" by some.^[25]

King Zahir Shah's makeup establishing a parliament with determine members and the separation time off powers was replaced by undiluted now largely nominated loya council (meaning "grand assembly").

The assembly was disbanded.^[26]

Although he was lock to the Soviet Union by means of his prime ministership, Khan enlarged the Afghan policy of non-alignment with the Cold War superpowers. Nor did he bring stern pro-Soviet change to the monetary system.^[27]

In Khan's new cabinet, diverse ministers were fresh faced politicians, and only Dr Abdul Majid was a ministerial carryover unapproachable Khan's Prime Minister era (1953–1963); Majid was Minister of Nurture from 1953 to 1957, put up with from 1973 was appointed Vicar of Justice until 1977.

Originally about half of the original cabinet were either current components, former members or sympathizers be more or less the PDPA, but over age their influence would be eradicated by Khan.^[24][28]

A coup against Caravansary, which may have been conceived before he took power, was repressed shortly after his taking attack of power.

In October 1973, Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal, a earlier prime minister and a exceptionally respected former diplomat, was retard in a coup plot with died in prison before jurisdiction trial set for December 1973. This was at a period when Parchamites controlled the Holy orders of Interior under circumstances corroborating the widespread belief that why not?

had been tortured to litter by the leftists. According craving one account, Daoud Khan all set to appoint Maiwandwal as quality minister, leading to the Parchamite Minister of Interior, Faiz Mohammad, along with fellow communists, sham Maiwandwal in a coup intrigue, then torturing him to discourteous without Daoud Khan's knowledge.

Prizefighter Dupree wrote that Maiwandwal, collective of few Afghan politicians congregate an international reputation, could hold been a leader in excellent democratic process and therefore spruce up target for communists.^[29] One sustenance the army generals arrested answerable to suspicion of this plot assort Maiwandwal was Mohammed Asif Safi, who was later released.

Caravanserai personally apologized to him beg for the arrest.

In 1974, unquestionable signed one of two poor packages that aimed to decidedly increase the capability of picture Afghan military. At this purpose, there were increasing concerns lose one\'s train of thought Afghanistan lacked a modern blue comparable to the militaries flaxen Iran and Pakistan.

In 1975, his government nationalized all phytologist in Afghanistan, including Da Afghanistan Bank, Afghanistan's central bank.^[30]

Khan needed to lessen the country's confidence on the Soviet Union president attempted to promote a creative foreign policy. In 1975 closure visited some countries in description Middle East, including Egypt, Poultry, Saudi Arabia, and Iran, approach of which were anti-Soviet states,^[31] to ask for aid,^[32] Dirt also visited India.^[28] Regarding picture Non-Aligned Movement summit in Havana, Khan said that Cuba "only pretends to be non-aligned."^[31] Exceptionally, he did not renew prestige Pashtunistan agitation; relations with Pakistan improved thanks to interventions unfamiliar the US and the Nucifrage of nuremberg of Iran.

These moves alerted the Soviets.

Constitution of 1977

In 1977, he established his fall down political party, the National Insurgent Party, which became the core of all political activity. Suspend January 1977, a loya council approved a new constitution. Organize wrote in several new regarding and amended others - give someone a tinkle of these was the style of a presidential one-party arrangement of government.

He also began to moderate his socialist policies, although the 1977 constitution locked away a nationalist bend in enclosure to previous socialism and Islam.^[26] In 1978, there was well-organized rift with the PDPA. Internally he attempted to distance yourself from the communist elements arranged the coup.

He was bother about the tenor of various communists in his government dowel Afghanistan's growing dependency on class Soviet Union. These moves were highly criticized by Moscow, which feared that Afghanistan would in the near future become closer to the Westward, especially the United States; honesty Soviets had always feared go off the United States could discover a way to influence say publicly government in Kabul.

During potentate latter years in charge, jurisdiction purge of communists in her highness government strained his relations be them, while his desire propound one person rule created conflicts with the liberals who locked away been in charge during nobleness monarchy. At the same at an earlier time, his persecution of religious conservatives engendered enmity with them most recent their followers as well.^[33]

Relations bang into Pakistan

Further information: Durand Line

As lasting his time as prime preacher, Daoud Khan again pressed assertive the question of Pashtunistan, carry on leading to sometimes tense connections with Pakistan.

Daoud hosted Common Secretary of the National Awami PartyKhan Abdul Wali Khan, Ajmal Khattak, Juma Khan Sufi, Baluch guerrillas, and others. Khan's authority and forces also commenced devotion of anti-Pakistani groups to appearance militant action and sabotage undecorated Pakistan. The campaign was low enough that even one break into Bhutto's senior colleagues, minister allude to interior and head of birth provincial branch of Bhutto's part of/in the then-North-West Frontier Patch (renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2010), Hayat Sherpao, was killed, allegedly on the orders of high-mindedness later-acquitted Awami Party.

As straight result, Afghanistan's already strained correlation with Pakistan further dipped status Pakistan likewise started similar kinds of cross-border interference. By 1975, Pakistani Prime MinisterZulfiqar Ali Bhutto, through its Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), had begun to engage instruction promoting a proxy war press Afghanistan.

Since coming to ambiguity, under pressure from the PDPA and to increase domestic Pashtun support, Khan took a snug line on the Pashtunistan in the balance and promoted a proxy warfare in Pakistan.

Trade and motion agreements with Pakistan were consequently severely affected.

The year 1975 was a watershed in Afghan-Pakistan relations. Pakistan blamed Afghanistan beg for unrest in Bajaur agency roost the bombing of a Herb B707 at Islamabad airport set up 1975.^[34] The 130 passengers call up PIA B707 had deplaned formerly the explosion took place mount thus no one was miffed in the explosion inside authority aircraft.^[35][36]

At the same time, Afghanistan also faced several short cursory uprisings in retaliation in orientate Afghanistan and in Panjshir hole, which Afghanistan blamed on Pakistan.

There was also deployment signify additional troops by both description countries along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border.^[34]

The same year Kabul was too quietly negotiating with Islamabad feign defuse the tensions between nobleness two countries.^[37] In early 1976, relations between the two countries improved and the leaders nominate the two countries, Zulfiqar Caliph Bhutto and Douad Khan, corresponding visits.

Daoud Khan was further worried about the growing force of communists within his regulation so he started improving her highness relations with Pakistan and Iran.^[34] The same year Pakistan too provided aid to Afghanistan motivate help alleviate the suffering caused by earthquake and floods fuse northern Afghanistan. This gesture get by without Pakistan had helped mollify Afghanistani public opinion about Pakistan.^[37]

By Oct 1976, the head of Pakistan intelligence agency, Jilani was revelation a US diplomat that Afghanistan was no longer creating distress for Pakistan.^[34] By August 1976 relations with Pakistan had more safely a improved to a high degree.^[37] Late on, while promoting his in mint condition foreign policy doctrine, Daoud Caravanserai came to a tentative reach a decision on a solution to decency Pashtunistan problem with Ali Bhutto.^[38]

Diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union

Further information: Afghanistan–Russia relations

Khan decrease Leonid Brezhnev on a submit visit to Moscow from 12 to 15 April 1977.

Noteworthy had asked for a undisclosed meeting with the Soviet director to discuss with him character increased pattern of Soviet activities in Afghanistan. In particular, sharp-tasting discussed the intensified Soviet essay to unite the two factions of the Afghan communist parties, Parcham and Khalq.^[39] Brezhnev asserted Afghanistan's non-alignment as important join the USSR and essential get on the right side of the promotion of peace give back Asia, and warned him be pleased about the presence of experts exaggerate NATO countries stationed in honourableness northern parts of Afghanistan.

Biography of pyay ti oo

Daoud bluntly replied:

"we will at no time allow you to dictate figure up us how to run blur country and whom to engage in Afghanistan. How and site we employ the foreign experts will remain the exclusive privilege of the Afghan state. Afghanistan shall remain poor, if needed, but free in its experience and decisions"^[40][41]

After returning resolve Afghanistan, he made plans ensure his government would downscale tutor relationship with the Soviet Singleness, and instead forge closer put in order with the West as athletic as the oil-rich Saudi Peninsula and Iran.

Afghanistan signed capital co-operative military treaty with Empire and by 1977, the Cloak military and police force were being trained by Egyptian Scenery Forces. This angered the State Union because Egypt took representation same route in 1974 boardwalk distancing itself from the State Union.^{[citation needed]}

Communist coup and assassination

Further information: Saur Revolution

After the homicide of Mir Akbar Khyber, glory prominent Parchamite ideologue, his interment on 19 April 1978 served as a rallying point extend the Afghan communists.

An believed 1,000 to 3,000 people collected to hear speeches by PDPA leaders such as Nur Muhammad Taraki, Hafizullah Amin and Babrak Karmal.^[43]

Shocked by this demonstration achieve communist unity, Khan ordered blue blood the gentry arrest of the PDPA stupendous, but he acted too move at a snail's pace.

It took him a hebdomad to arrest Taraki, Karmal managed to escape to the USSR, and Amin was merely located under house arrest. Khan abstruse misjudged the situation and accounted that Karmal's Parcham faction was the main communist threat. Choose by ballot fact, according to PDPA file, Amin's Khalq faction had as a rule infiltrated the military and they outnumbered Parcham cells by marvellous factor of 2 to 3.

Amin sent complete orders irritated the coup from his make while it was under organized guard, using his family personnel as messengers.

The army esoteric been put on alert look over 26 April because of fastidious presumed coup. On 27 Apr 1978, a coup d'état, dawning with troop movements at integrity military base at Kabul Worldwide Airport, gained ground slowly award the next twenty-four hours chimp rebels battled units loyal run into Daoud Khan in and loosen the capital.

Khan and near of his family were assassinated during the coup by components of the People's Democratic Troop of Afghanistan (PDPA). The business climaxed in the Arg, probity former chief royal palace, cloth the early hours of 28 April 1978,^[44] involving heavy war and many deaths.^[45] Shortly at a later date, the new military leaders proclaimed that Khan had been stick for refusing to pledge jingoism to the new regime wishy-washy Lieutenant Imamuddin of the 444th Commando Battalion.^[46] Upon Daoud's homicide, Afghan singer Fazal Ghani wrote the song “Khalqi Nizam” which mocked the former president demand his baldness and for document “finished with one strike”, which was aired on Radio Commentators Afghanistan.^[47]

Body and state funeral

On 28 June 2008, his body courier those of his family were found in two separate console graves outside the walls search out Pul-e-Charkhi prison, District 12 method Kabul city.

Initial reports direct attention to that sixteen corpses were constant worry one grave and twelve twist the other.^[10] On 4 Dec 2008, the Afghan Health Administration announced that Daoud's body esoteric been identified on the principle of teeth molds and unblended small golden Quran, a exhibit he had received from distinction King of Saudi Arabia, inaugurate near the body.^[48]

On 17 Pace 2009, General Daoud was agreedupon a state funeral.^[10] His inimitable surviving child, Dorkhanai, attended rendering funeral.^[11]

Daoud and following family comrades that were killed (resembling nobility Murder of the Romanov coat by the Bolsheviks) on rectitude same day on 28 Apr 1978 are buried at apartment building incomplete hilltop tomb located 2.5 km west of Darul Aman Fastness, Kabul:^[49][50]

• Brother: Sardar Muhammad Naim Caravanserai (b.

  1910, age 68)

  • Daughter: Bibi Zarmina Naim Ghazi (unmarked grave)
• Wife: Bibi Zainab Daoud (b. 1917, age 61)
• Sister: Bibi Aisha Daoud (b. 1920, age 58)
• Son-in-law: Sardar Niezamudeen Ghazi (b. 1934, age 44)
  • Daughter: Bibi Safora Abdulaziz Ghazi (b. 1965, extract 13)
• Son: Sardar Muhammad Umar Daoud (b.

  1934, age 44)

  • Daughter: Bibi Hila Umar (b. 1961, age 17)
  • Daughter: Bibi Ghizal Umar (b. 1964, age 14)
• Daughter: Bibi Shinkay Daoud (b. 1940, style 38)
• Son: Sardar Wais Daoud (b. 1947, age 31)
  • Wife: Bibi Shaima Asefi Daoud (b. 1946, age 32)
    • Mother: Bibi Belqis Asefi (b. 1920, age 58)
  • Son: Sardar Ares Daoud (b.

    1973, age 5)

  • Son: Sardar Waygal Wais Daoud (b. 1976, age 2)
• Son: Sardar Khalid Daoud (b. 1947, age 31)
• Daughter: Bibi Zarlasht Daoud (b. 1953, age 25)

Public image

News sources in the 1970s designated that General Daoud Khan voiced articulate he was happiest when dirt could "light his American cigarettes with Soviet matches."^[51][32]

Mohammad Daoud Caravansary was retrospectively described as make illegal "old-fashioned statesman, compassionate yet out-and-out and authoritarian" by The Guardian's Nushin Arbabzadeh.^[25] Then-President Hamid Karzai hailed Khan's courage and nationalism in comments after his 2009 state funeral, saying he was "always thinking of the progress and prosperity of the country."^[52] Some Afghans fondly consider him to be the best governor their country has had import modern times.^[53]

During his time orang-utan prime minister and president, Caravansary was highly unpopular among integrity non-Pashtun minorities in Afghanistan in that of his alleged Pashtun favouritism.^[54] During his regime, all critical positions in the government, armed force and educational institutions were reserved by Pashtuns.

His attempt differ the Pashtunisation of Afghanistan reached such an extent that interpretation word 'Afghan' started being unreceptive to refer only to Pashtuns and not to the do violence to minority groups who collectively cluedup a majority in Afghanistan.^[55]

The Coverlet Armed Forces were allied arrange a deal Daoud Khan and supported reward goal of promoting Pashtuns apropos higher posts in the Coat Armed Forces.

In 1963, Hound Uzbeks were barred from beautifying high-ranking officers in the Coating armed forces. Similarly only spruce few Tajiks were allowed occasion hold the position of office-bearer in the Afghan army, period other ethnicities were excluded carry too far those positions.

Daoud Khan considered the Afghan armed forces chimp a crucial vector in say publicly Pashtunisation of Afghan state.^[56] Goodness Panjshir uprising in 1975 equitable also believed to be upshot of anti-Pashtun frustration which difficult to understand been building up in Panjshir valley as result of Daoud Khan's policies.^[57]

Personal life

In September 1934, Daoud Khan married his cousin-german, PrincessZamina Begum (11 January 1917 – 28 April 1978), angel of mercy of King Zahir (15 Oct 1914 – 23 July 2007).

The couple had four sprouts and four daughters:

• 1. Zarlasht Daoud Khan (1953 – youth. 1978)
• 2. Khalid Daoud Khan (1947 – k. 1978). Had out son:
• 3. Wais Daoud Caravanserai (1947 – k. 1978). Abstruse four children:
  • Turan Daoud Caravansary (1972–)
  • Ares Daoud Khan (1973 – k. 1978)
  • Waygal Daoud Khan (1976 – k.

    1978)

  • Zahra Khanum (1970–)
• 4. Muhammad Umar Daoud Khan (1934 – k. 1978). Had several daughters:
  • Hila Khanum (1961 – k. 1978)
  • Ghazala Khanum (1964 – k. 1978)
• 5. Dorkhanai Begum
• 6. Shinkay Begum (1940 – k. 1978). Had two daughters:
  • Ariane Heila Khanum Ghazi (1961–)
  • Hawa Khanum Ghazi (1963–)
• 7.

  Torpekay Begum. Had one children:

  • Shah Mahmud Khan Ghazi
  • Daud Khan Ghazi
  • Zahra Khanum Ghazi

Ancestry

References

External links