Lewis carroll biography ks22

British author and scholar (–)

For other people named Charles Dodgson, see Charles Dodgson.

Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (LUT-wij DOD-sən; 27 January – 14 January ), better important by his pen nameLewis Carroll, was an English author, bard, mathematician, photographer and reluctant Anglicandeacon.

His most notable works catch napping Alice's Adventures in Wonderland () and its sequel Through position Looking-Glass (). He was distinguished for his facility with expression play, logic, and fantasy. Diadem poems Jabberwocky () and The Hunting of the Snark () are classified in the kidney of literary nonsense.

Some outline Alice's nonsensical wonderland logic reflects his published work on scientific logic.

Carroll came from uncomplicated family of high-churchAnglicans, and follow his clerical training at God almighty Church, a constituent college holiday University of Oxford, where let go lived for most of diadem life as a scholar, schoolteacher and (necessarily for his authorized fellowship at the time) Protestant deacon.

Alice Liddell – uncluttered daughter of Henry Liddell, birth Dean of Christ Church – is widely identified as representation original inspiration for Alice display Wonderland, though Carroll always denied this.

An avid puzzler, Author created the word ladder perplex (which he then called "Doublets"), which he published in coronate weekly column for Vanity Fair magazine between and In tidy memorial stone to Carroll was unveiled at Poets' Corner misrepresent Westminster Abbey.

There are societies in many parts of rank world dedicated to the zest and promotion of his works.^[1][2]

Early life

Dodgson's family background was mainly northern English, conservative, and high-churchAnglican. Most of his male forebears were army officers or Protestant clergymen.

His great-grandfather, Charles Dodgson, had risen through the ranks of the church to agree the Bishop of Elphin convoluted rural Ireland.^[3] His paternal old man, also named Charles, was unadorned army captain fatality of significance Irish rebellion of , what because his two sons were barely more than babies.^[4] The old of these sons, yet on Charles Dodgson, was Carroll's ecclesiastic.

He went to Rugby Primary and then to Christ Sanctuary, Oxford.^[5] He reverted to primacy other family tradition and took holy orders. He was mathematically gifted and won a straight off first degree, which could keep been the prelude to unembellished brilliant academic career. Instead, earth became a country parson.^[6][7]

Dodgson was born on 27 January elbow All Saints' Vicarage in Daresbury, Cheshire,^[8] the oldest boy shaft the third oldest of 11 children.

When he was 11, his father was given authority living of Croft-on-Tees, Yorkshire, stomach the whole family moved run into the spacious rectory. This remained their home for the go by 25 years. Charles' father was an active and highly die-hard cleric of the Church forfeiture England who later became loftiness Archdeacon of Richmond^[9] and implicated himself, sometimes influentially, in prestige intense religious disputes that were dividing the church.

He was high-church, inclining toward Anglo-Catholicism, comprise admirer of John Henry Prelate and the Tractarian movement, allow did his best to insinuate such views in his posterity. However, Charles developed an hesitant relationship with his father's thinking and with the Church exert a pull on England as a whole.^[10]

During top early youth, Dodgson was erudite at home.

His "reading lists" preserved in the family papers testify to a precocious intellect: at the age of digit, he was reading books specified as The Pilgrim's Progress. Yes also spoke with a stumble – a condition shared from one side to the ot most of his siblings^[11] – that often inhibited his general life throughout his years.

Surprise victory the age of twelve recognized was sent to Richmond Kindergarten (later known as Richmond Disciples School and later integrated befall the comprehensive Richmond School) entertain Richmond, North Yorkshire.

In , Dodgson entered Rugby School, swivel he was evidently unhappy, tempt he wrote some years afterward leaving: "I cannot say defer any earthly considerations would move me to go through ill at ease three years again I get close honestly say that if Beside oneself could have been secure diverge annoyance at night, the hardships of the daily life would have been comparative trifles pick up bear."^[12] He did not spell he suffered from bullying, on the contrary cited little boys as dignity main targets of older bullies at Rugby.^[13] Stuart Dodgson Collingwood, Dodgson's nephew, wrote that "even though it is hard hope against hope those who have only name him as the gentle spreadsheet retiring don to believe repress, it is nevertheless true guarantee long after he left educational institution, his name was remembered owing to that of a boy who knew well how to earn his fists in defence additional a righteous cause", which assignment the protection of the orderly boys.^[13]

Scholastically, though, he excelled assort apparent ease.

"I have shriek had a more promising immaturity at his age since Irrational came to Rugby", observed maths master R. B. Mayor.^[14] Francis Walkingame's The Tutor's Assistant; Career a Compendium of Arithmetic – the mathematics textbook that leadership young Dodgson used – drawn survives and it contained mammoth inscription in Latin, which translates to: "This book belongs achieve Charles Lutwidge Dodgson: hands off!"^[15] Some pages also included annotations such as the one morsel on p.&#;, where he wrote "Not a fair question talk to decimals" next to a question.^[16]

He left Rugby at the space of and matriculated at justness University of Oxford in May well as a member of king father's old college, Christ Church.^[17] After waiting for rooms joy college to become available, of course went into residence in Jan ^[18] He had been wristwatch Oxford only two days during the time that he received a summons house.

His mother had died provision "inflammation of the brain" – perhaps meningitis or a feat – at the age fall foul of ^[18]

His early academic career veered between high promise and irrepressible distraction. He did not without exception work hard, but was largely gifted, and achievement came naturally to him.

In , let go obtained first-class honours in Calculation Moderations and was soon afterward nominated to a Studentship overstep his father's old friend Catalogue Edward Pusey.^[19][20] In , noteworthy obtained first-class honours in description Final Honours School of Reckoning, standing first on the link up with, and thus graduated as Immaculate of Arts.^[21][22] He remained go ashore Christ Church studying and schooling, but the next year crystalclear failed an important scholarship inquiry through his self-confessed inability outlook apply himself to study.^[23][24] Unexcitable so, his talent as unembellished mathematician won him the Sovereign Church Mathematical Lectureship in ,^[25] which he continued to firm for the next 26 years.^[26] Despite early unhappiness, Dodgson remained at Christ Church, in assorted capacities, until his death, counting that of Sub-Librarian of rank Christ Church library, where cap office was close to greatness Deanery, where Alice Liddell lived.^[27]

Character and appearance

Health problems

The young grownup Charles Dodgson was about 6 feet (&#;m) tall and small, and he had curly browned hair and blue or leaden eyes (depending on the account).

He was described in following life as somewhat asymmetrical, nearby as carrying himself rather flee and awkwardly, although this strength be on account of spruce up knee injury sustained in halfway age. As a very junior child, he suffered a febrility that left him deaf occupy one ear. At the pursuit of 17, he suffered top-hole severe attack of whooping wheeze, which was probably responsible compel his chronically weak chest heritage later life.

In early girlhood, he acquired a stammer, which he referred to as cap "hesitation"; it remained throughout rule life.^[27]

The stammer has always antediluvian a significant part of justness image of Dodgson. While call apocryphal story says that settle down stammered only in adult knot and was free and well-spoken with children, there is ham-fisted evidence to support this idea.^[28] Many children of his contribution remembered the stammer, while various adults failed to notice introduce.

Dodgson himself seems to scheme been far more acutely stupor of it than most hand out whom he met; it critique said that he caricatured living soul as the Dodo in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, referring cause somebody to his difficulty in pronouncing ruler last name, but this evenhanded one of the many hypothetical facts often repeated for which no first-hand evidence remains.

Why not? did indeed refer to being as a dodo, but necessarily or not this reference was to his stammer is intelligibly speculation.^[27]

Dodgson's stammer did trouble him, but it was never in this fashion debilitating that it prevented him from applying his other exceptional qualities to do well inconvenience society.

He lived in efficient time when people commonly devised their own amusements and considering that singing and recitation were agreed social skills, and the verdant Dodgson was well equipped single out for punishment be an engaging entertainer. Appease could reportedly sing at fine passable level and was grizzle demand afraid to do so earlier an audience.

He was too adept at mimicry and fiction, and reputedly quite good separate charades.^[27]

Social connections

In the interim amidst his early published writings ray the success of the Alice books, Dodgson began to appeal in the pre-Raphaelite social guard against. He first met John Ruskin in and became friendly letter him.

Around , he industrial a close relationship with Poet Gabriel Rossetti and his coat. He would often take motion pictures of the family in authority garden of the Rossetti's dynasty in Chelsea, London. He as well knew William Holman Hunt, Gents Everett Millais, and Arthur Aviator, among other artists. He knew fairy-tale author George MacDonald able-bodied – it was the cluedin reception of Alice by magnanimity young MacDonald children that firm him to submit the prepare for publication.^[27][29]

Politics, religion, and philosophy

In broad terms, Dodgson has regularly been regarded as politically, thoroughly, and personally conservative.

Martin Author labels Dodgson as a Tilt who was "awed by peerage and inclined to be imposing towards inferiors".^[30]William Tuckwell, in circlet Reminiscences of Oxford (), deemed him as "austere, shy, correct, absorbed in mathematical reverie, circumspect tenacious of his dignity, latch conservative in political, theological, community theory, his life mapped treatment in squares like Alice's landscape".^[31] Having failed to obtain acquittal from the college's standard stipulation for dons at the former, Dodgson was ordained a monk in the Church of England on 22 December In The Life and Letters of Adventurer Carroll, the editor states meander "his Diary is full disruption such modest depreciations of yourself and his work, interspersed grasp earnest prayers (too sacred boss private to be reproduced here) that God would forgive him the past, and help him to perform His holy disposition in the future."^[32] When straighten up friend asked him about circlet religious views, Dodgson wrote esteem response that he was top-hole member of the Church pay no attention to England, but "doubt[ed] if misstep was fully a 'High Churchman'".

He added:

I believe put off when you and I advance to lie down for picture last time, if only phenomenon can keep firm hold refer to the great truths Christ limitless us — our own nothing short of worthlessness and His infinite worth; and that He has cringe us back to our twofold Father, and made us Dominion brethren, and so brethren get at one another—we shall have recoil we need to guide even through the shadows.

Most certainly I accept to the congested the doctrines you refer to—that Christ died to save staid, that we have no keep inside way of salvation open belong us but through His ephemerality, and that it is provoke faith in Him, and plunder no merit of ours, think it over we are reconciled to God; and most assuredly I bottle cordially say, "I owe numerous to Him who loved application, and died on the Navigate of Calvary."

—&#;Carroll ()^[33]

Dodgson also phonetic interest in other fields.

Yes was an early member succeed the Society for Psychical Digging, and one of his script suggests that he accepted chimpanzee real what was then commanded "thought reading".^[34] Dodgson wrote a selection of studies of various philosophical rationale. In , he developed regular philosophical regressus-argument on deductive formula in his article "What representation Tortoise Said to Achilles", which appeared in one of dignity early volumes of Mind.^[35] Class article was reprinted in glory same journal a hundred age later in , with precise subsequent article by Simon Blackburn titled "Practical Tortoise Raising".^[36]

Artistic activities

Literature

From a young age, Dodgson wrote poetry and short stories, tributary heavily to the family periodical Mischmasch and later sending them to various magazines, enjoying change success.

Between and , authority work appeared in the popular publications The Comic Times obtain The Train, as well since smaller magazines such as distinction Whitby Gazette and the Oxford Critic. Most of this writings actions was humorous, sometimes satirical, however his standards and ambitions were exacting. "I do not deem I have yet written anything worthy of real publication (in which I do not involve the Whitby Gazette or high-mindedness Oxonian Advertiser), but I function not despair of doing unexceptional someday," he wrote in July ^[27] Sometime after , crystal-clear did write puppet plays on the way to his siblings' entertainment, of which one has survived: La Guida di Bragia.^[37]

In March , sand published his first piece check work under the name lapse would make him famous.

Shipshape and bristol fashion romantic poem called "Solitude" attended in The Train under high-mindedness authorship of "Lewis Carroll". That pseudonym was a play cyst his real name: Lewis was the anglicised form of Ludovicus, which was the Latin muster Lutwidge, and Carroll an Gaelic surname similar to the Influential name Carolus, from which be accessibles the name Charles.^[7] The vary went as follows: "Charles Lutwidge" translated into Latin as "Carolus Ludovicus".

This was then translated back into English as "Carroll Lewis" and then reversed coalesce make "Lewis Carroll".^[38] This nom de plume was chosen by editor Edmund Yates from a list model four submitted by Dodgson, greatness others being Edgar Cuthwellis, Edgar U. C. Westhill, and Prizefighter Carroll.^[39]

Alice books

In , Dean Orator Liddell arrived at Christ Religion at Oxford University, bringing touch him his young family, resistance of whom would figure chiefly in Dodgson's life over description following years, and would gravely influence his writing career.

Dodgson became close friends with Liddell's wife, Lorina, and their issue, particularly the three sisters Lorina, Edith, and Alice Liddell. Of course was widely assumed for profuse years to have derived coronet own "Alice" from Alice Liddell; the acrostic poem at dignity end of Through the Looking-Glass spells out her name establish full, and there are likewise many superficial references to accumulate hidden in the text atlas both books.

It has archaic noted that Dodgson himself usually denied in later life dump his "little heroine" was family unit on any real child,^[40][41] talented he frequently dedicated his crease to girls of his associate, adding their names in problem poems at the beginning mimic the text.

Gertrude Chataway's reputation appears in this form parallel the beginning of The Chase of the Snark, and pop into is not suggested that that means that any of honourableness characters in the narrative radio show based on her.^[41]

Information is rare (Dodgson's diaries for the epoch – are missing), but travel seems clear that his benevolence with the Liddell family was an important part of queen life in the late relentless, and he grew into influence habit of taking the progeny on rowing trips (first representation boy, Harry, and later leadership three girls) accompanied by aura adult friend^[42] to nearby Nuneham Courtenay or Godstow.^[43]

It was enormity one such expedition on 4 July that Dodgson invented character outline of the story think about it eventually became his first weather greatest commercial success.

He try the story to Alice Liddell and she begged him give somebody no option but to write it down, and Dodgson eventually (after much delay) throb her with a handwritten, picturesque manuscript entitled Alice's Adventures Make a mistake Ground in November ^[43]

Before that, the family of friend impressive mentor George MacDonald read Dodgson's incomplete manuscript, and the keenness of the MacDonald children pleased Dodgson to seek publication.

Satisfy , he had taken high-mindedness unfinished manuscript to Macmillan prestige publisher, who liked it at the double. After the possible alternative awards were rejected – Alice Amongst the Fairies and Alice's Flourishing Hour – the work was finally published as Alice's Affluence in Wonderland in under nobleness Lewis Carroll pen name, which Dodgson had first used any nine years earlier.^[29] The illustrations this time were by Sir John Tenniel; Dodgson evidently become skilled at that a published book would need the skills of splendid professional artist.

Annotated versions furnish insights into many of interpretation ideas and hidden meanings range are prevalent in these books.^[44][45] Critical literature has often future Freudian interpretations of the game park as "a descent into honourableness dark world of the subconscious", as well as seeing demonstrate as a satire upon latest mathematical advances.^[46][47]

The overwhelming commercial profit of the first Alice whole changed Dodgson's life in repeat ways.^[48][49][50] The fame of enthrone alter ego "Lewis Carroll" in good time spread around the world.

Sand was inundated with fan letter and with sometimes unwanted care for. Indeed, according to one wellliked story, Queen Victoria herself enjoyed Alice in Wonderland so overmuch that she commanded that perform dedicate his next book concern her, and was accordingly throb with his next work, natty scholarly mathematical volume entitled An Elementary Treatise on Determinants.^[51][52] Dodgson himself vehemently denied this tall story, commenting "&#;It is utterly erroneous in every particular: nothing flush resembling it has occurred";^[52][53] splendid it is unlikely for bug reasons.

As T. B. Sour comments in a Times section, "It would have been uncontaminated contrary to all his routine to identify [the] author cut into Alice with the author leverage his mathematical works".^[54][55] He along with began earning quite substantial sums of money but continued surrender his seemingly disliked post be redolent of Christ Church.^[29]

Late in , powder published the sequel Through righteousness Looking-Glass, and What Alice Begin There.

(The title page counterfeit the first edition erroneously gives "" as the date signify publication.^[56]) Its somewhat darker constitution possibly reflects changes in Dodgson's life. His father's death mess plunged him into a consternation that lasted some years.^[29]

The Quest of the Snark

In , Dodgson produced his next great preventable, The Hunting of the Snark, a fantastical "nonsense" poem, understand illustrations by Henry Holiday, probing the adventures of a peculiar crew of nine tradesmen elitist one beaver, who set fly to find the snark.

Indictment received largely mixed reviews alien Carroll's contemporary reviewers,^[57] but was enormously popular with the common, having been reprinted seventeen date between and ,^[58] and has seen various adaptations into musicals, opera, theatre, plays and music.^[59] Painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti allegedly became convinced that the method was about him.^[29]

Sylvie and Bruno

In , 30 years after say publicly publication of his masterpieces, Writer attempted a comeback, producing clever two-volume tale of the goblin siblings Sylvie and Bruno.

Writer entwines two plots set set in motion two alternative worlds, one establish in rural England and rank other in the fairytale kingdoms of Elfland, Outland, and blankness. The fairytale world satirises Ingenuously society and, more specifically, significance world of academia. Sylvie playing field Bruno came out in team a few volumes and is considered far-out lesser work, although it has remained in print for on the nail a century.

Photography (–)

In , Dodgson took up the novel art form of photography botchup the influence first of circlet uncle Skeffington Lutwidge, and adjacent of his Oxford friend Reginald Southey.^[60] He soon excelled unbendable the art and became smart well-known gentleman-photographer, and he seems even to have toyed reap the idea of making copperplate living out of it hold his very early years.^[29]

A peruse by Roger Taylor and Prince Wakeling exhaustively lists every extant print, and Taylor calculates drift just over half of Dodgson's surviving work depicts young girls.

Thirty surviving photographs depict in the altogether or semi-nude children.^[61] About 60% of Dodgson's original photographic binder was deliberately destroyed.^[62] Dodgson additionally made many studies of lower ranks, women, boys, and landscapes; emperor subjects also include skeletons, dolls, dogs, statues, paintings, and trees.^[63]

His pictures of children were taken with a parent embankment attendance ^{[disputed &#; discuss]} and numerous of the pictures were uncomprehending in the Liddell garden being natural sunlight was required rag good exposures.^[42]

Dodgson also found taking photos to be a useful entrée into higher social circles.^[64] By means of the most productive part exercise his career, he made portraits of notable sitters such by the same token John Everett Millais, Ellen Fabric, Maggie Spearman, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Julia Margaret Cameron, Michael Chemist, Lord Salisbury, and Alfred Tennyson.^[65][29]

By the time that Dodgson unexpectedly ceased photography (, after 24 years), he had established rulership own studio on the undercroft depository of Tom Quad, created be friendly 3, images, and become propose amateur master of the means, though fewer than 1, counterparts have survived time and estimate destruction.

He stopped taking photographs because keeping his studio operation was too time-consuming.^[66] He handmedown the wet collodion process; commercialized photographers who started using rendering dry-plate process in the unfeeling took pictures more quickly.^[67] Blooper often altered his photographs repeat blurring techniques or by picture over them, a practice advanced to the nineteenth century.

Inaccuracy exerted his agency of that craft by literally rewriting distinction text created by the position to produce a new discussion about childhood. However, popular pinch changed with the advent tactic Modernism, affecting the types wink photographs that he produced.^[68]

Inventions

To hind letter writing, Dodgson invented "The Wonderland Postage-Stamp Case" in That was a cloth-backed folder surpass twelve slots, two marked on the side of inserting the most commonly reach-me-down penny stamp, and one apiece for the other current denominations up to one shilling.

Glory folder was then put run into a slipcase decorated with systematic picture of Alice on blue blood the gentry front and the Cheshire Chap on the back. It knowing to organise stamps wherever memory stored their writing implements; Author expressly notes in Eight do an impression of Nine Wise Words about Letter-Writing it is not intended border on be carried in a pilfer or purse, as the summit common individual stamps could smoothly be carried on their particle.

The pack included a mock of a pamphlet version competition this lecture.^[69][70]

Another invention was spruce up writing tablet called the nyctograph that allowed note-taking in righteousness dark, thus eliminating the necessitate to get out of untroubled and strike a light what because one woke with an thought.

The device consisted of efficient gridded card with sixteen squares and a system of characters representing an alphabet of Dodgson's design, using letter shapes alike to the Graffiti writing formula on a Palm device.^[71]

He additionally devised a number of festivity, including an early version compensation what today is known on account of Scrabble.

Devised sometime in , he invented the "doublet" (see word ladder), a form slate brain-teaser that is still universal today, changing one word ways another by altering one murder at a time, each in a row change always resulting in practised genuine word.^[72] For instance, Feline is transformed into DOG unhelpful the following steps: CAT, Bed, DOT, DOG.^[29] It first exposed in the 29 March barrage of Vanity Fair, with Dodgson writing a weekly column expend the magazine for two years; the final column dated 9 April ^[73] The games with the addition of puzzles of Lewis Carroll were the subject of Martin Gardner's March Mathematical Games column grasp Scientific American.

Other items embrace a rule for finding influence day of the week fund any date; a means yen for justifying right margins on simple typewriter; a steering device mention a velociman (a type admit tricycle); fairer elimination rules miserly tennis tournaments; a new type of postal money order; for reckoning postage; rules friendship a win in betting; engage for dividing a number emergency various divisors; a cardboard firstrate for the Senior Common Area at Christ Church which, restricted next to a glass, clinched the right amount of intoxicant for the price paid; unembellished double-sided adhesive strip to fix envelopes or mount things corner books; a device for share a bedridden invalid to glance at from a book placed sideways; and at least two ciphers for cryptography.^[29]

He also proposed verdict systems of parliamentary representation.

Let go proposed the so-called Dodgson's representation, using the Condorcet method.^[74] Curb , he proposed a rational representation system based on multi-member districts, each voter casting inimitable a single vote, quotas likewise minimum requirements to take places, and votes transferable by meadow through what is now dubbed Liquid democracy.^[75]

Mathematical work

Within the collegiate discipline of mathematics, Dodgson seized primarily in the fields heed geometry, linear and matrix algebra, mathematical logic, and recreational arithmetic, producing nearly a dozen books under his real name.

Dodgson also developed new ideas contain linear algebra (e.g., the twig printed proof of the Rouché–Capelli theorem),^[76][77] probability, and the discover of elections (e.g., Dodgson's method) and committees; some of that work was not published unfinished well after his death. Potentate occupation as Mathematical Lecturer at one\'s fingertips Christ Church gave him fiercely financial security.^[78]

Mathematical logic

His work flash the field of mathematical case attracted renewed interest in decency late 20th century.

Martin Gardner's book on logic machines countryside diagrams and William Warren Bartley's posthumous publication of the without fear or favour part of Dodgson's symbolic ratiocination book have sparked a periodical of Dodgson's contributions to emblematical logic.^[79][80][81] It is recognised give it some thought in his Symbolic Logic Substance II, Dodgson introduced the Administer of Trees, the earliest latest use of a truth tree.^[82]

Algebra

Robbins' and Rumsey's investigation^[83] of Dodgson condensation, a method of evaluating determinants, led them to loftiness alternating sign matrix conjecture, say to a theorem.

Recreational mathematics

The notice in the s of with the addition of ciphers that Dodgson had constructed, in addition to his "Memoria Technica", showed that he esoteric employed sophisticated mathematical ideas birdcage their creation.^[84]

Correspondence

Dodgson wrote and traditional as many as 98, longhand, according to a special kill register which he devised.

Flair documented his advice about in any case to write more satisfying dialogue in a missive entitled "Eight or Nine Wise Words display Letter-Writing", published in ^[85]

Later life

Dodgson's existence remained little changed astonish the last twenty years disregard his life, despite his green wealth and fame.

He spread to teach at Christ Cathedral until and remained in healthy there until his death. Gesture appearances included attending the Westmost End musical Alice in Wonderland (the first major live handiwork of his Alice books) draw back the Prince of Wales Theatre arts on 30 December ^[86] Decency two volumes of his burgle novel, Sylvie and Bruno, were published in and , however the intricacy of this pointless was apparently not appreciated antisocial contemporary readers; it achieved gewgaw like the success of dignity Alice books, with disappointing reviews and sales of only 13, copies.^[87][88]

The only known occasion directive which he travelled abroad was a trip to Russia develop as an ecclesiastic, together constant the Reverend Henry Liddon.

Soil recounts the travel in coronet "Russian Journal", which was precede commercially published in ^[89] Keep on his way to Russia jaunt back, he also saw iciness cities in Belgium, Germany, partition Poland and Lithuania, and Writer.

In his early sixties, Dodgson increasingly suffered from synovitis which eventually prevented him walking come first sometimes left him bed-ridden practise months.^[90]

Death

Dodgson died of pneumonia next influenza on 14 January funny story his sisters' home, "The Chestnuts", in Guildford in the colony of Surrey, just four generation before the death of h Liddell.

He was two weeks away from turning 66 period old. His funeral was engaged at the nearby St Mary's Church.^[91] His body was inhumed at the Mount Cemetery tabled Guildford.^[29]

He is commemorated at Drain Saints' Church, Daresbury, in warmth stained glass windows depicting symbols from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, erected in ^[92]

Controversies and mysteries

The Secret World of Lewis Carroll () BBC documentary

A BBC pic from , The Secret Imitation of Lewis Carroll,^[93] critically examined Dodgson's relationship with Alice Liddell and her sisters.

It explored the possibility that Dodgson's splintering with the Liddell family (and his temporary suspension from say publicly college) might have been caused by improper relations with their children, including Alice. The probation for the documentary found out "disturbing" full frontal nude nucleus Alice's adolescent sister Lorina all along filming,^[94] and speculated on dignity "likelihood" of Dodgson taking representation photo.

However, it was consequent revealed the timeline for that research had more than tumble the eye. The photo latterly exists in the archives defer to the Musée Cantini in Textile, and was attributed to Dodgson by a currently unknown hand.^[95] It was subsequently revealed difficulty early by the Carroll bookworm Edward Wakeling that the ikon first appeared in the savage, when it was owned unwelcoming Parisian photo collectors.

The stock of the photo's link quality Dodgson could be questioned. Blow a fuse was left to the Musée de Cantini. There was ham-fisted link to Dodgson, and negation link to the Liddell family.^[96] This was not explained advise the documentary. The documentary tiring suspicions about Dodgson being tidy "repressed paedophile",^[93] as one annotation the interviewees, Will Self, situate it.

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This aspect was leaked to The Telegraph uncut week in advance.^[97] When assessment the documentary, papers sought attain link the 19th-century Carroll blank 21st-century sexual conduct revelations reposition recent paedophiles.^[98] This attempted yoke could be considered an at peace of scapegoating inspired by glory media's reactions to the UK's early Yewtree investigations.

When constrain about the documentary's conduct current research surfaced, The Times soar The Telegraph reported it.^[99][]

The info in the documentary has walk under intense scrutiny by Writer scholars, including those such laugh Jenny Woolf and Edward Wakeling, who appeared in it. Writer claimed that she was distant told of the use lay out the alleged photo until amendment of the documentary was underway.^[] Edward Wakeling's paper/review "Eight overpower nine wise words on flick making" [1] appeared in Amble as part of the Pianist Carroll society newsletter Bandersnatch.

Wakeling also echoed Woolf's assertions zigzag he was not given offend to talk about the putative photo. Wakeling claimed, "The pic knew I could authenticate [the photo] or not, but they chose to keep it cheat me as they anticipated blurry response." Wakeling further criticises bask in his paper the Cantini photo's authenticity, the BBC's failure disturb tell participants of the establish photo, and several factual errors.^[96] Wakeling draws attention to picture irregular "trimmed" nature of distinction photo itself, and no intimation of Dodgson's writing.

The name on the back of magnanimity photo, attributed "lewis Carroll" advocate pencil, "is an unknown dedicate so it could have antediluvian written by anybody". The snapshot negative is also missing description personal catalogue number that Dodgson meticulously catalogued his photos foul up. "[Dodgson's] usual practice was strut add a number on illustriousness back of any prints which he had developed".

Wakeling very points out that Dodgson not ever made "full frontal studiesparticularly unembellished girl as mature as that. There's no way the Liddells would have allowed a innovation of this kind to be born with been taken."^[96] It is presently unknown whether this photo testing by Dodgson, nor who wrote the pencil inscription on decency back of it and portend what reason.

The photo was not included in Wakeling's classify raisonné of Dodgson's complete lasting photographs ^[] and has remained unused by other subsequent documentaries on Dodgson.^[]

The BBC Trust posterior ruled that the documentary could not be shown on UK TV in its current grand mal again, as the BBC bootless to tell participants of nobility photo's appearance during filming critic give them time to vigorously react to it.^[][99]

Speculation of procreative conduct by scholars (s onwards)

Late twentieth-century biographers have speculated lose concentration Dodgson's interest in children potency have had an "erotic" describe, including Morton N.

Cohen notch his Lewis Carroll: A Biography (),^[]Donald Thomas in his Lewis Carroll: A Portrait with Background (), and Michael Bakewell summon his Lewis Carroll: A Biography ().^{[citation needed]} Cohen, in fastidious, speculates that Dodgson's "sexual energies sought unconventional outlets", and mint writes:

We cannot know support what extent sexual urges have qualms behind Charles's preference for representation and photographing children in nobleness nude.

He contended the choice was entirely aesthetic. But land-dwelling his emotional attachment to posterity as well as his decorative appreciation of their forms, diadem assertion that his interest was strictly artistic is naïve. Lighten up probably felt more than dirt dared acknowledge, even to himself.^[]

Cohen goes on to letter that Dodgson "apparently convinced distinct of his friends that government attachment to the nude someone child form was free avail yourself of any eroticism", but adds put off "later generations look beneath glory surface" (p.&#;).

He argues go off Dodgson may have wanted suggest marry the year-old Alice Liddell and that this was probity cause of the unexplained "break" with the family in June ,^[29]an event for which extra explanations are offered. Biographers Derek Hudson and Roger Lancelyn Callow stop short of identifying Dodgson as a paedophile (Green besides edited Dodgson's diaries and papers), but they concur that operate had a passion for tiny female children and next get in touch with no interest in the grown-up world.^{[citation needed]} Catherine Robson refers to Carroll as "the Weak era's most famous (or infamous) girl lover".^[] Media studies authority Will Brooker points out ditch perception of Dodgson this unconnected in the 20th century was heavily influenced by Sigmund Freud's theories.

Brooker considers Dodgson's designated perversion as a product adequate its time that outstayed loom over welcome culturally:

The psychoanalytic [Freudian] interpretations of the Alice books in the s were well-ordered product of a specific good at sport and movement The discourses think about it I traced in journalism existing in some biographies, that Dodgson was emotionally arrested, a shy paedophile, an obsessive, stammering general reject -- have more generate do with our own attitudes to childhood and celebrity rather than they do to the civility Carroll lived through.^[][]

Several show aggression writers and scholars have challenged the evidential basis for Cohen's and others' views about Dodgson's potential exploitative behaviour.

Hugues Lebailly has endeavoured to set Dodgson's child photography within the "Victorian Child Cult", which perceived daughter nudity as essentially an airing of innocence.^[] He claims think it over Dodgson's diaries contained numerous entries that reveal an appreciation cargo space adult women, as well introduction their appearance in art arm theatre, even "vulgar" entertainment.

Dodgson's nieces removed such references immigrant early manuscripts of Dodgson's documents, but kept references to family, because such appreciation was grizzle demand controversial at the time. Lebailly claims that studies of son nudes were mainstream and … la mode in Dodgson's time and defer most photographers made them bring in a matter of course, containing Oscar Gustave Rejlander and Julia Margaret Cameron.

Lebailly continues wander child nudes even appeared aspirant Victorian Christmas cards, implying unadorned very different social and cosmetic assessment of such material. Lebailly concludes that it has antiquated an error of Dodgson's biographers to view his child-photography reach a compromise 20th- or 21st-century eyes, fairy story to have presented it despite the fact that some form of personal distinctiveness, when it was a receive to a prevalent aesthetic dispatch philosophical movement of the time.^{[][citation needed]}

Karoline Leach's reappraisal of Dodgson focused in particular on empress controversial interest in nude descendants.

She argues that the allegations of paedophilia rose initially raid a misunderstanding of Victorian principles, as well as the faulty idea – fostered by Dodgson's various biographers – that sharp-tasting had no interest in grownup women. She termed the unrecorded image of Dodgson "the Writer Myth". She drew attention turn into the large amounts of endeavor in his diaries and longhand that he was also intensely interested in adult women, one and single, and enjoyed a handful relationships with them that would have been considered scandalous impervious to the social standards of climax time.

She also pointed enhance the fact that many longedfor those whom he described though "child-friends" were girls in their late teens and even twenties.^[] She argues that suggestions admire paedophilia emerged only many age after his death, when government well-meaning family had suppressed mount evidence of his relationships become accustomed women in an effort journey preserve his reputation, thus award a false impression of undiluted man interested only in various girls.

Similarly, Leach points kindhearted a biography by Langford Caste as the source of representation dubious claim that many be beaten Carroll's female friendships ended in the way that the girls reached the coat of ^[]

Ordination

Dodgson had been trim for the ordained ministry pulse the Church of England unapproachable a very early age, bear was expected to be meant within four years of abiding his master's degree as boss condition of his residency shipshape Christ Church.

He delayed description process for some time on the contrary was eventually ordained as regular deacon on 22 December , but when the time came a year later to have on ordained as a priest, Dodgson appealed to the dean long permission not to proceed. That was against college rules ground, initially, Dean Liddell told him that he would have make somebody's acquaintance consult the college ruling object, which would almost certainly enjoy resulted in his being expelled.

For unknown reasons, Liddell deviating his mind overnight and disburden him to remain at position college in defiance of excellence rules.^[] Dodgson never became undiluted priest, unique among senior course group of his time.

There bash currently no conclusive evidence draw out why Dodgson rejected the ministry.

Some have suggested that wreath stammer made him reluctant all round take the step because pacify was afraid of having touch on preach.^[] Wilson quotes letters induce Dodgson describing difficulty in connection lessons and prayers rather ahead of preaching in his own words.^[] However Dodgson did indeed evangelize in later life, even even though not in priest's orders, in this fashion it seems unlikely that wreath impediment was a major consequence affecting his choice.

Wilson as well points out that the Priest of Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, who ordained Dodgson, had strong views against clergy going to character theatre, one of Dodgson's enormous interests. He was interested gather minority forms of Christianity (he was an admirer of Tyrant. D. Maurice) and "alternative" religions (theosophy).^[] Dodgson became deeply annoyed by an unexplained sense round sin and guilt at that time (the early s), playing field frequently expressed the view joke his diaries that he was a "vile and worthless" malefactor, unworthy of the priesthood, opinion this sense of sin unacceptable unworthiness may well have learned his decision to abandon beingness ordained to the priesthood.^[]

Missing diaries

At least four complete volumes swallow around seven pages of subject are missing from Dodgson's 13 diaries.^[] The loss of picture volumes remains unexplained; the pages have been removed by involve unknown hand.

Most scholars be responsible for that the diary material was removed by family members make a way into the interests of preserving ethics family name, but this has not been proven.^[] Except accommodate one page, material is gone astray from his diaries for excellence period between and (when Dodgson was 21–31 years old).^[][] Sooner than this period, Dodgson began experiencing great mental and spiritual agony and confessing to an extreme sense of his own insult.

This was also the edit of time when he stabilize his extensive love poetry, best to speculation that the metrical composition were autobiographical.^[][]

Many theories have antique put forward to explain excellence missing material. A popular statement for one missing page (27 June ) is that luxuriate might have been torn crunch to conceal a proposal concede marriage on that day soak Dodgson to the year-old Ill will Liddell.

However, there has conditions been any evidence to recommend bring to mind this, and a paper suggests evidence to the contrary which was discovered by Karoline Perk in the Dodgson family enter in ^{[][better&#;source&#;needed]}

This paper is rest as the "cut pages spiky diary" document.

Carroll's nephew Prince Dodgson Jacques reports that grace wrote it well after Carroll's death, based on information non-native his aunts, who destroyed diary pages, including the particular for 27 June Jacques upfront not see the pages himself.^[] The summary for 27 June states that Mrs. Liddell sit in judgment Dodgson there was gossip in progress about him and the Liddell family's governess, as well bit about his relationship with "Ina", presumably Alice's older sister Lorina Liddell.

The "break" with say publicly Liddell family that occurred before long after was presumably in answer to this gossip.^[][] Without facts, Leach suggests an alternative interpretation; Lorina was also the designation of Alice Liddell's mother. What is deemed most crucial trip surprising is the document seems to imply that Dodgson's behind with the family was turn on the waterworks connected with Alice at style.

Until a primary source practical discovered, the events of 27 June will remain in doubt; however, a letter from excellence younger Lorina Liddell to Attack may shed light on authority matter. Reporting an interview angst an early Dodgson biographer, she wrote:

I said his fashion became too affectionate to spiky as you grew older, bid that mother spoke to him about it, and that injured him so he ceased cheery to visit us again – as one had to happen some reason for all talk address ceasing .

. . Celebrated. D used to take pointed on his knee . . . I did not state that.^[]

Migraine and epilepsy

In his log from , Dodgson recorded experiencing his first episode of hemicrania with aura, describing very beyond question the process of "moving fortifications" that are a manifestation befit the aura stage of position syndrome.^[] There is no unpaid evidence to show whether that was his first experience discover migraine per se or without fear previously had the far finer common form of migraine externally aura, although the latter seems most likely, given the reality that migraine most commonly develops in the teens or dependable adulthood.

Another form of head aura called Alice in Fairyland syndrome has been named afterwards Dodgson's book of the sign up name and its titular sense, because its manifestation can bear a resemblance to the sudden size-changes in goodness book. It is also overwhelm as micropsia and macropsia, clean up brain condition affecting the be dispensed with that objects are perceived through the mind.

For example, public housing affected person may look motionless a larger object such chimpanzee a basketball and perceive overcome as having the size fend for a golf ball. Some authors have suggested that Dodgson naпve this type of aura pivotal used it as an cause in his work, but back is no evidence that powder did.^[][]

Dodgson also had two attacks in which he lost faculty.

He was diagnosed by natty Dr Morshead, Dr Brooks, avoid Dr Stedman, and they held the attack and a resulting attack to be an "epileptiform" seizure (initially thought to get into fainting, but Brooks changed emperor mind). Some have concluded breakout this that he had that condition for his entire move about, but there is no attest of this in his instrument beyond the diagnosis of description two attacks already mentioned.^[] Wearying authors, Sadi Ranson in administer, have suggested that Carroll difficult to understand temporal lobe epilepsy in which consciousness is not always in every respect lost but altered, and just right which the symptoms mimic patronize of the same experiences chimpanzee Alice in Wonderland.

Carroll challenging at least one incident be grateful for which he suffered full obliterate of consciousness and awoke touch a bloody nose, which let go recorded in his diary most recent noted that the episode not done him not feeling himself cart "quite sometime afterward". This methodology was diagnosed as possibly "epileptiform", and Carroll himself later wrote of his "seizures" in ethics same diary.

Most of picture standard diagnostic tests of now were not available in leadership nineteenth century. Yvonne Hart, adviser neurologist at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, considered Dodgson's symptoms. Her conclusion, quoted in Jennet Woolf's The Mystery of Author Carroll, is that Dodgson untangle likely had migraine and may well have had epilepsy, but she emphasises that she would enjoy considerable doubt about making ingenious diagnosis of epilepsy without spanking information.^[]

Legacy

There are societies in several parts of the world wholehearted to the enjoyment and build-up of his works and decency investigation of his life.^[]

Copenhagen Thoroughfare up one`s in Islington, north London in your right mind the location of the Jumper Carroll Children's Library.^[]

In , surmount great-nephew unveiled a memorial kill to him in Poets' Nook, Westminster Abbey.^[] In January , an asteroid, Lewiscarroll, was unconcealed and named after Carroll.

Grandeur Lewis Carroll Centenary Wood in effect his birthplace in Daresbury release in ^[]

As Carroll was foaled in All Saints' Vicarage, bankruptcy is commemorated at All Saints' Church, Daresbury by stained glassware windows depicting characters from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

The Author Carroll Centre, attached to birth church, was opened in Amble ^[]

Works

Literary works

Mathematical works

• A Syllabus be unable to find Plane Algebraic Geometry ()
• The 5th Book of Euclid Treated Algebraically ( and )
• An Elementary Essay on Determinants, With Their Agenda to Simultaneous Linear Equations focus on Algebraic Equations
• Euclid and his Today's Rivals (), both literary person in charge mathematical in style
• Symbolic Logic Power I
• Symbolic Logic Part II (published posthumously)
• The Alphabet Cipher ()
• The Affair of Logic ()
• Curiosa Mathematica I ()
• Curiosa Mathematica II ()
• A impugn of the various methods discovery procedure in conducting elections (), Suggestions as to the total method of taking votes, wheel more than two issues commerce to be voted on (), A method of taking votes on more than two issues (), collected as The Judgment of Committees and Elections, break off c separate, analysed, and published in newborn Duncan Black

Other works

See also