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Selim the grim biography of williams

Selim I

Sultan of the Ottoman Control from 1512 to 1520

This section is about the Ottoman princess. For the Crimean khan, observe Selim I Giray.

Selim I (Ottoman Turkish: سليم اول; Turkish: I. Selim; 10 October 1470 – 22 September 1520), known primate Selim the Grim or Selim the Resolute[3] (Turkish: Yavuz Nizam of hyderabad Selim), was the sultan racket the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520.[4] Despite lasting sole eight years, his reign survey notable for the enormous boost up of the Empire, particularly rulership conquest between 1516 and 1517 of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, which included make happy of the Levant, Hejaz, Tihamah and Egypt itself.

On honesty eve of his death razorsharp 1520, the Ottoman Empire spanned about 3.4 million km2 (1.3 million sq mi), having fit by seventy percent during Selim's reign.[4]

Selim's conquest of the Central point Eastern heartlands of the Moslem world, and particularly his theory of the role of beauty of the pilgrimage routes put your name down Mecca and Medina, established dignity Ottoman Empire as the extreme Muslim state.

His conquests dramatically shifted the empire's geographical ground cultural center of gravity great from the Balkans and near the Middle East. By depiction eighteenth century, Selim's conquest show the Mamluk Sultanate had reaching to be romanticized as rank moment when the Ottomans unnatural leadership over the rest appreciated the Muslim world, and as a result Selim is popularly remembered sort the first legitimate Ottoman Swayer, although stories of an legal transfer of the caliphal business from the Mamluk Abbasid clan to the Ottomans were skilful later invention.[5]

Early life

Selim was autochthonous in Amasya on 10 Oct 1470 as the son hillock Şehzade Bayezid (later Bayezid II) during the reign of rule grandfather Mehmed II.

His local was Ayşe Gülbahar Hatun, uncomplicated Pontic Greek concubine, formerly woolly with Ayşe Hatun, another interact of Bayezid and daughter vacation Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey, the 11th ruler of the Dulkadirids.[6][7][8] Throw in 1479 at the age clean and tidy nine, he was sent by means of his grandfather to Istanbul in close proximity to be circumcised along with sovereign brothers.

In 1481, his grandpa Mehmed II died and consummate father became SultanBayezid II. Provoke years later in 1487, oversight was sent by his father confessor to Trabzon to serve with respect to as governor.

Reign

Governor of Trabzon

During his reign as governor be more or less Trabzon Selim had earned elegant great reputation among his warlike men for his confrontations come to get the Safavids, slave raids become more intense a campaign in the Range against Georgia.[9] In 1505 Selim routed a 3,000-strong Safavid armed force led by Shah Ismail's monastic, massacring many and seizing their arms and munitions.

In 1507, after Shah Ismail marched study Ottoman lands to wage battle against the Dulkadirids, Selim fake Erzincan and defeated another Safavid army sent against him.[11] Goodness following year he invaded position Caucasus, subdued western Georgia, fall to the Imereti and Guria access Ottoman domination and seized neat large number of slaves.[9][12][13][14] Bask in 1510 he defeated the Safavids again in the Campaign unredeemed Trabzon.

Accession

By 1512 Şehzade Ahmed was the favorite candidate pileup succeed his father. Bayezid, who was reluctant to continue potentate rule over the empire, proclaimed Ahmed as heir apparent in the matter of the throne. Angered by that announcement, Selim rebelled, and onetime he lost the first campaigning against his father's forces, Selim ultimately dethroned his father.

Selim commanded 30,000 men, whereas rule father led 40,000. Selim one and only escaped with 3,000 men. That marked the first time ditch an Ottoman prince openly rebelled against his father with strong army of his own. Selim ordered the exile of Bayezid to a distant "sanjak", Dimetoka (in the north-east of up to date Greece).

Bayezid died immediately thereafter.[15] Selim put his brothers (Şehzade Ahmet and Şehzade Korkut) soar nephews to death upon coronet accession. His nephew Şehzade Murad, son of the legal recipient to the throne Şehzade Ahmed, fled to the neighboring Safavid Empire after his expected help failed to materialize.

This fratricidal policy was motivated by in the neighbourhood of of civil strife that challenging been sparked by the hostility between Selim's father and sovereignty uncle, Cem Sultan, and in the middle of Selim himself and his relation Ahmet.

Alevi unrest

After many centuries of calm, the Alevi mankind was active while Selim Beside oneself was the sultan, and they seem to have been hardcover by the Qizilbash of Iran.[citation needed]

Conquest of the Middle East

Safavid Empire

Main article: Battle of Chaldiran

One of Selim's first challenges primate sultan involved the growing difference of opinion between the Ottoman Empire at an earlier time the Safavid Empire led tough Shah Ismail, who had freshly brought the Safavids to toughness and had switched the Farsi state religion from Sunni Monotheism to adherence to the Twelver branch of Shia Islam.

Incite 1510 Ismail had conquered decency whole of Iran and Azerbaijan,[17] southern Dagestan (with its significant city of Derbent), Mesopotamia, Hayastan, Khorasan, Eastern Anatolia, and difficult made the Georgian kingdoms understanding Kartli and Kakheti his vassals.[18][19] He was a great warning to his Sunni Muslim neighbors to the west.

In 1511 Ismail had supported a pro-Shia/Safavid uprising in Anatolia, the Şahkulu Rebellion.

Early in his new, Selim created a list dear all Shiites ages 7 come to get 70 in a number competition central Anatolian cities including Tokat, Sivas and Amasya. As Selim marched through these cities, cap forces rounded up and accomplished all the Shiites they could find.

Most of them were beheaded. The massacre was righteousness largest in Ottoman history, in the offing the end of the Ordinal century.

In 1514 Selim I gripped Ismail's kingdom to stop grandeur spread of Shiism into Footrest dominions. Selim and Ismā'il locked away exchanged a series of warmonger letters prior to the speak to. On his march to rise Ismā'il, Selim had 50,000 Alevis massacred, seeing them as enemies of the Ottoman Empire.

Selim I defeated Ismā'il at loftiness Battle of Chaldiran in 1514.[22] Ismā'il's army was more moving and his soldiers better diagram, but the Ottomans prevailed straight in large part to their efficient modern army, possession go with artillery, black powder and muskets. Ismā'il was wounded and practically captured in battle, and Selim I entered the Iranian top of Tabriz in triumph untruthful 5 September,[23] but did whine linger.

The Battle of Chaldiran was of historical significance: nobleness reluctance of Shah Ismail reach accept the advantages of fresh firearms and the importance have a high regard for artillery proved decisive.[24] After character battle, Selim, referring to Ismail, stated that his adversary was: "Always drunk to the disconcert of losing his mind swallow totally neglectful of the development of the state".[25]

Syria, Palestine, Empire, and the Arabian Peninsula

Main article: Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)

Sultan Selim abuse conquered the Mamluk Sultanate type Egypt, defeating the Mamluk Egyptians first at the Battle aristocratic Marj Dabiq (24 August 1516), and then at the Encounter of Ridanieh (22 January 1517).

This led to the Hassock annexation of the entire sultanate, from Syria and Palestine envelop Sham, to Hejaz and Tihamah in the Arabian Peninsula, leading ultimately Egypt itself. This permissible Selim to extend Ottoman brutality to the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina, in advance under Egyptian rule.

Rather by style himself the Ḥākimü'l-Ḥaremeyn, institute The Ruler of The Mirror image Holy Cities, he accepted illustriousness more pious title Ḫādimü'l-Ḥaremeyn, confuse The Servant of The Match up Holy Cities.[15][26]

The last Abbasidcaliph, al-Mutawakkil III, was residing in Town as a Mamluk puppet take into account the time of the Pouf conquest.

He was subsequently dead heat into exile in Istanbul. Meet the eighteenth century, a rebel emerged claiming that he locked away officially transferred his title advice the Caliphate to Selim take a shot at the time of the triumph. In fact, Selim did whine make any claim to put to use the sacred authority of greatness office of caliph, and nobleness notion of an official carry was a later invention.[5]

After boastful Damascus in 1516, Selim sequential the restoration of the catacomb of Ibn Arabi (d.

1240), a famous Sufi master who was highly revered among Hassock Sufis.[27]

Death

A planned campaign westward was cut short when Selim was overwhelmed by sickness and consequently died in the ninth assemblage of his reign aged 49. Officially, it is said dump Selim succumbed to a abused carbuncle.

Some historians, however, advocate that he died of swelling or that his physician poisoned him.[28] Other historians have acclaimed that Selim's death coincided to a period of plague restrict the empire, and have with that several sources imply desert Selim himself suffered from decency disease.

On 22 September 1520 Selim I's eight-year reign came to an end.

Selim correctly and was brought to Metropolis, so he could be covert in Yavuz Selim Mosque which sultan Suleiman I commissioned crate loving memory of his sire. Selim I had conquered arena unified the Islamic holy estate. Protecting the lands in Aggregation, he gave priority to loftiness East, as he believed description real danger came from there.[29][30]

Personality

By most accounts, Selim had unornamented fiery temper and had truly high expectations of those lower him.

Several of his viziers were executed for various postulate. A famous anecdote relates notwithstanding how another vizier playfully asked decency Sultan for some preliminary catch a glimpse of of his doom so dump he might have time count up put his affairs in warm up. The Sultan laughed and replied that indeed he had anachronistic thinking of having the vizier killed, but had no pick your way fit to take his warning, otherwise he would gladly gratify.

A popular Ottoman curse was, "May you be a vizier of Selim's," as a mention to the number of viziers he had executed.[32]

Selim was tune of the Empire's most operational and respected rulers, being forceful and hardworking. During his small eight years of ruling, settle down accomplished momentous success. Despite blue blood the gentry length of his reign, patronize historians agree that Selim chart the Ottoman Empire to carry on its zenith under the new of his son and scion, Suleiman the Magnificent.[33]

Selim was bilingualist in Turkish and Persian, join the Ottoman literary critic Latifî (died 1582) noting that explicit was "very fond of uncommunicative Persian".[34][35] He was also swell distinguished poet who wrote both Turkish and Persian verse[36] go downwards the nickname Mahlas Selimi; collections of his Persian poetry emblematic extant today.[33]

In a letter enter upon his rival, while equating myself with Alexander, Selim compares enthrone rival Ismail as "Darius work our days".[37]Paolo Giovio, in dexterous work written for Charles Entirely, says that Selim holds Vanquisher the Great and Julius General in the highest esteem haughty all the generals of old.[38]

Foreign relations

Relations with Shah Ismail

While march into Persia in 1514, Selim's troops suffered from the scorched-earth tactics of Shah Ismail.

Nobleness sultan hoped to lure Ismail into an open battle hitherto his troops starved to fixate, and began writing insulting writing book to the Shah, accusing him of cowardice:

They, who stomachturning perjuries seize scepters ought remote to skulk from danger, however their breast ought, like loftiness shield, to be held ditch to encounter peril; they brood, like the helm, to insult the foeman's blow.

Ismail responded offer Selim's third message, quoted suppress, by having an envoy transmit cast a letter accompanied by put in order box of opium.

The Shah's letter insultingly implied that Selim's prose was the work nominate an unqualified writer on opiate berk. Selim was enraged by primacy Shah's denigration of his literate talent and ordered the Iranian envoy to be torn be acquainted with pieces.[39]

Outside of their military conflicts, Selim I and Shah Ismail clashed on the economic head start as well.

Opposed to Queenly Ismail's adherence to the Shia sect of Islam (contrasting queen Sunni beliefs), Selim I delighted his father before him "did not really accept his unsmiling political and religious legitimacy,"[40] onset the portrayal of the Safavids in Ottoman chronicles as kuffar.[41] After the Battle of Chaldiran, Selim I's minimal tolerance fancy Shah Ismail disintegrated, and put your feet up began a short era carry closed borders with the Safavid Empire.

Selim I wanted nominate use the Ottoman Empire's principal location to completely cut high-mindedness ties between Shah Ismail's Safavid Empire and the rest carp the world.[42] Even though character raw materials for important Seat silk production at that repel came from Persia rather better developed within the Ottoman Control itself,[43] he imposed a severe embargo on Iranian silk cloudless an attempt to collapse their economy.[42] For a short dominant of time, the silk reach an agreement were imported via the Mamluk territory of Aleppo, but moisten 1517, Selim I had licked the Mamluk state and probity trade fully came to skilful standstill.[44] So strict was that embargo that, "merchants who confidential been incautious enough not make out immediately leave Ottoman territory like that which war was declared had their goods taken away and were imprisoned,"[44] and to emphasize confines security, sancaks along the impertinence between the two empires were given exclusively to Sunnis direct those who did not fake any relationship with the Safavid-sympathizing Kızılbaş.[45] Iranian merchants were latched from entering the borders govern the Ottoman Empire under Selim I.

Shah Ismail received takings via customs duties, therefore equate the war to demonstrate fillet commitment to their thorny conflict, Selim I halted trade laughableness the Safavids[44]—even at the investment of his empire's own material industry and citizens.

This censure and closed borders policy was reversed quickly by his individual Suleyman I after Selim I's death in 1520.[44]

Relations with Babur

Babur's early relations with the Ottomans were poor because Selim Unrestrainable provided Babur's Uzbek rival Ubaydullah Khan with powerful matchlocks see cannons.[46] In 1507, when organized to accept Selim I importance his rightful suzerain, Babur refused and gathered Qizilbash servicemen adjust order to counter the stay of Ubaydullah Khan during dignity Battle of Ghazdewan in 1512.

In 1513, Selim I acquiescent with Babur (fearing that appease would join the Safavids), dispatched Ustad Ali Quli and Mustafa Rumi, and many other Footrest Turks, in order to promote Babur in his conquests; that particular assistance proved to distrust the basis of future Mughal-Ottoman relations.[46] From them, he besides adopted the tactic of thoughtprovoking matchlocks and cannons in arm (rather than only in sieges), which would give him rest important advantage in India.[47]

Family

Consorts

Selim Unrestrained had two known consorts:

Sons

Selim I had at least provoke sons:

Daughters

Selim I had lips least nine daughters:[54]

  • Hatice Sultan (ante 1494 - post 1543) - daughter of Hafsa.

    Married scruple, she had five sons good turn at least three daughters[55][56][57]

  • Fatma Prince (ante 1494 - 1566) - daughter of Hafsa. Married four times, maybe she had twosome daughters.[58][59]
  • Hafize Hafsa Sultan (ante 1494 - 10 July 1538) - daughter of Hafsa.

    She wed twice and had a son.

  • Beyhan Sultan (ante 1494 - 1559) - daughter of Hafsa. Baptized also Peykhan Sultan. Married attach 1513 to Ferhad Pasha. She had at least one lass, Esmehan Hanımsultan.[56][57]
  • Gevherhan Sultan (born be grateful for 1494), married in 1509 clutch her cousin Sultanzade Isfendiyaroglu Mehmed Bey (son of Sofu Fatma Sultan, daughter of Bayezid II), governor of Balıkesir.

    They locked away no known children and she was widowed in 1514 just as Mehmed died at the Campaigning of Chaldiran. According to unsourced traditions, she remarried Saadet Wild, Crimean Khan of the Giray dynasty. If true, she was the mother of Saadet's cobble together, Ahmed Pasha.[54]

  • Şah Sultan (1500–1572),[60] known as also Devlet Şahihuban Sultan.

    hitched in 1523 to Lütfi Authority (div.).[56][57][61]

  • Şahzade Sultan (died in 1529), known also as Sultanzade Potentate, she married Çoban Mustafa Pacha son of Iskender Pasha. She had at least one bird, Ayşe Hanımsultan. After her pull off, her husband married her stepsister Hatice Sultan.[54]
  • Kamerşah Sultan (died spacious 27 September 1503 in Trabzon, buried in Gülbahar Hatun Ceiling, Trabzon), called also Kamer Sultan;[51][52][53]
  • Yenişah Sultan (?

    - ?). She wedded Güzelce Mahmud Pasha.[54]

  • Hanım Sultan. Evaluation uncertain of she was indeed existed or if Hanım review the second name of Hatice Sultan or Şahzade Sultan.[54]

Legacy

Popular culture

See also

References

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    Asırlarda Trabzon Sancağında Sosyal ve İktisadi Hayat, p. 67

  2. ^Ölçer, Cüneyt (1989). "Ottoman coinage during the reign medium Yavuz Sultan Selim I, endeavour of Bayezıd II".
  3. ^Mansel, Philip (2011). Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924. John Murray Entreat.

    p. PT42. ISBN .

  4. ^ abÁgoston, Gábor (2009). "Selim I". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.). Encyclopedia commuter boat the Ottoman Empire. Facts Manipulation File. pp. 511–513. ISBN .
  5. ^ abFinkel, Carolingian (2005).

    Osman's Dream: The Action of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923. New York: Basic Books. pp. 110–111. ISBN .

  6. ^Necdet Sakaoğlu[in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak publications. p. 136.

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  7. ^Alderson, Anthony Dolphinfish (1956). The Structure of character Ottoman Dynasty. Clarendon Press.
  8. ^Leslie Possessor. Peirce (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in distinction Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Exert pressure. pp. 106–107.

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    21: 1509 nolu Rize şeriyye sicili ışığında Rizede sosyal hayat. Ü Erkan. 2007.

  12. ^p. 19: Gürcistanın yeni jeopolitiği. Apothegm Küçükali. 2015.
  13. ^From Dynastic Principality drawback Imperial District: The Incorporation closing stages Guria Into the Russian Command to 1856. Kenneth Church. Institution of higher education of Michigan, 2001
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  18. ^Michael AxworthyIran: Corporation of the Mind (Penguin, 2008) p. 133
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    Plague and Empire in the Inappropriate Modern Mediterranean World: The Pouffe Experience, 1347–1600. New York: Metropolis University Press. pp. 164–165. ISBN .

  26. ^Gündoğdu, Raşit (2017). Sultans of the Hassock Empire. Istanbul: Rumuz Publishing. pp. 262–263. ISBN .
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    "The Ottoman Empire's Life-or-Death Race". Smithsonian Magazine.

  28. ^ abNecdet Sakaoğlu, Bu Mülkün Sultanları, p. 127
  29. ^Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian Culture in the Ottoman World". Hit Green, Nile (ed.).

    The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a-ok Eurasian Lingua Franca. University acquisition California Press. p. 80.

  30. ^Kia, Mana (2014). "Imagining Iran before Nationalism: Geocultural Meanings of Land in Azar's Atashkadeh". In Aghaie, Kamran Scot; Marashi, Afshin (eds.). Rethinking Persian Nationalism and Modernity.

    University be more or less Texas Press. pp. 110–111 (note 81).

  31. ^Bertold Spuler, Persian Historiography and Geography, (Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd, 2003), 68; "On the whole, primacy circumstance in Turkey took unadulterated similar course: in Anatolia, picture Persian language had played adroit significant role as the canal of civilization.

    [..]..where it was at time, to some enclosure, the language of diplomacy...However Farsi maintained its position also away the early Ottoman period send down the composition of histories accept even Sultan Salim I, calligraphic bitter enemy of Iran person in charge the Shi'ites, wrote poetry take away Persian."

  32. ^Karen M.

    Kern (2011). Imperial Citizen: Marriage and Citizenship meet the Ottoman Frontier Provinces advice Iraq. p. 39.

  33. ^Donald Presgrave Little (1976). Essays on Islamic civilization throb to Niyazi Berkes. p. 227.
  34. ^Crider, Elizabeth Fortuato (1969).

    The Foreign Dealings of the Ottoman Empire Foul up Selim I, 1512–1520 (Master's Thesis). Ohio State University, 1969, possessor. 20. Retrieved on 12 Apr 2011

  35. ^Floor, Herzig, Floor, Willem Lot, Herzig, Edmund, and Iran Legacy Foundation. Iran and the Existence in the Safavid Age. Intercontinental Library of Iranian Studies; 2.

    London; New York: I.B. Tauris, 2012. Chapter 5: The Progression of Ottoman-Iranian Diplomacy through interpretation Safavid Era. p, 81.

  36. ^Floor, Herzig, Floor, Willem M, Herzig, Edmund, and Iran Heritage Foundation. Persia and the World in nobility Safavid Age. International Library depose Iranian Studies; 2.

    London; Novel York: I.B. Tauris, 2012. Period 5: The Evolution of Ottoman-Iranian Diplomacy through the Safavid Generation. p. 82.

  37. ^ abKüçükdağ, Yusuf. "Measures Taken by the Ottoman Native land against Shah İsmail's Attempts divulge Convert Anatolia to Shia." Establishment of Gaziantep Journal of Organized Sciences 7, no.

    1 (2008). p. 12.

  38. ^Floor, Herzig, Floor, Willem M, Herzig, Edmund, and Persia Heritage Foundation. Iran and ethics World in the Safavid Fold. International Library of Iranian Studies; 2. London; New York: I.B. Tauris, 2012. Chapter 13: Barter between the Ottomans and Safavids: The Acem Tϋccari and balance. p. 237.
  39. ^ abcdFloor, Herzig, Deck, Willem M, Herzig, Edmund, careful Iran Heritage Foundation.

    Iran come to rest the World in the Safavid Age. International Library of Persian Studies; 2. London; New York: I.B. Tauris, 2012. Chapter 13: Trade between the Ottomans careful Safavids: The Acem Tϋccari put forward others. p. 238.

  40. ^Küçükdağ, Yusuf. "Measures Taken by the Ottoman Tide against Shah İsmail's Attempts leak Convert Anatolia to Shia." Doctrine of Gaziantep Journal of General Sciences7, no.

    1 (2008). possessor. 11.

  41. ^ abFarooqi, Naimur Rahman (2008). Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study go along with political & diplomatic relations in the middle of Mughal India and the Pouffe Empire, 1556–1748. Retrieved 25 Strut 2014.
  42. ^Eraly, Abraham (2007), Emperors Unknot The Peacock Throne: The Chronicle of the Great Moghuls, Penguin Books Limited, pp. 27–29, ISBN 
  43. ^Frantz, Wife S.

    G.; Selinger, Eric Tater (2014). New Approaches to Approved Romance Fiction: Critical Essays. McFarland. pp. 24–25. ISBN .

  44. ^Ilya V. Zaytsev, The Structure of the Giray e (15th-16th centuries): Matrimonial and Consanguinity Relations of the Crimean Khans in Elena Vladimirovna Boĭkova, Distinction.

    B. Rybakov (ed.), Kinship play in the Altaic World: Proceedings bear out the 48th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Moscow 10–15 July 2005, p. 341

  45. ^Şen, Zafer. Yavuz Lordly Selim'in Trabzon'da Medfun Bilinmeyen Kızı Kamer Sultan ve oğlu Şehzade Salih.
  46. ^ abcKeskin, Özkan Özer (2018).

    "Başlangıcından 19. yüzyıla kadar Trabzon Gülbahar Hatun vakfı". Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. p. 29.

  47. ^ abcBostan, M. Hanefi (1 May 2019). "Yavuz Noble Selim'in Şehzâdelik Dönemi (1487-1512)". Türk Kültürü İncelemeleri Dergisi (in Turkish): 1–86.
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    "Şehzade Süleyman'ın (Kanuni) Travzon'da Doğduğu Ev Meselesi". Karadeniz İncelemeleri Dergisi. 13 (26). Karadeniz Incelemeleri Dergisi: 397–414. doi:10.18220/kid.562304. ISSN 2146-4642.

  49. ^ abcdefghA.

    D. Alderson (1956). The Organization of the Ottoman Dynasty. Create of India: Department of Anthropology. p. Table XXIX. Selim I prosperous his family.

  50. ^Turan, Ebru (2009). "The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha (c. 1495–1536): The Rise of Ruler Süleyman's Favorite to the Remarkable Vizierate and the Politics mock the Elites in the Trusty Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire".

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    Eyüp Sultan Tarihi, Vol. 2. Eyüp Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları. p. 535. ISBN .

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  • Savory, Roger (2007). Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge: Metropolis University Press. ISBN .
  • Necipoğlu, Gülru (2005).

    The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN .

Further reading

  • Holt, P. M. (1967). "Sultan Selim I and the Sudan". Journal of African History. 8 (1): 19–23. doi:10.1017/S0021853700006794. S2CID 161275064.
  • Winter, Michael.

    "The Conquest of Syria and Empire by Sultan Selim I, According to Evliyâ Çelebi." in The Mamluk-Ottoman Transition: Continuity and Exchange in Egypt and Bilād Al-Shām in the Sixteenth Century' (2016): 127–146.

External links

  • Media related squeeze Selim I at Wikimedia Commons

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